Viral budding (kw:KW-1198)

Budding enables viruses to exit the host cell and is mostly used by enveloped viruses which must acquire a host-derived membrane enriched in viral proteins to form their external envelope. Viruses can bud at every stage in the ER-Golgi-cell membrane pathway.
Nucleocapsids assembled or in the process of being built induce formation of a membrane curvature in the host cell membrane and wrap up in the forming bud which is eventually pinched off by membrane scission to release the enveloped particle .

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Many viruses, such as arena-, filo-, flavi-, hepadna-, herpes-, rhabdo-, and some paramyxoviruses, recruit host ESCRT proteins for budding.
However, for orthomyxo-, toga-, and corona- the budding is ESCRT-independent .
The only prokaryotic viruses known to bud are the Plasmaviridae .

Cell defense:
Tetherin expression that follows the establishment of the cell antiviral state impairs the release of many enveloped viruses .
ISG15 expression that follows the establishment of the cell antiviral state inhibits ESCRT-mediated viral budding. ISG15 is conjugated to CHMP5 and thereby disrupts further protein associations needed for functional ESCRT complex association .

Matching UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries

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