Gammacoronavirus (taxid:694013)

VIRION

Enveloped, spherical, about 120 nm in diameter. The RNA genome is associated with the N protein to form the nucleocapsid. see Neuman BW et al. for virion cryo-electron microscopy analysis.

GENOME

Monopartite, linear ssRNA(+) genome of 27-32kb in size (the largest of all RNA virus genomes). Capped, and polyadenylated. The leader RNA (65-89 bp) at the 5' end of the genome is also present at the end of each subgenomic RNAs.

GENE EXPRESSION

The virion RNA is infectious and serves as both the genome and viral messenger RNA. Genomic RNA encodes for ORF1a, as for ORF1b, it is translated by ribosomal frameshifting. Resulting proteins pp1a and pp1ab are processed into the viral polymerase (RdRp) and other non-structural proteins involved in RNA synthesis. Structural proteins are expressed as subgenomic RNAs. Each RNA (genomic and subgenomic) is translated to yield only the protein encoded by the 5'-most ORF.

ENZYMES

• RNA-dependent RNA polymerase [P0C6Y1]
• Proofreading exoribonuclease (ExoN) [P0C6Y1]
• Nido-type capping (GDP polyribonucleotidyltransferase, N7methyltransferase, 2'O methylase) [P0C6Y1]
• EndoU ribonuclease [P0C6Y1]
• Papain-like protease (Peptidase C16) [P0C6Y1]
• 3C-like proteinase (Peptidase C30) [P0C6Y1]
• Helicase [P0C6Y1]

REPLICATION

CYTOPLASMIC

1. Attachement of the viral S protein (maybe also HE if present) to host receptors mediates endocytosis of the virus into the host cell.
2. Fusion of virus membrane with the endosomal membrane (probably mediated by S2), ssRNA(+) genome is released into the cytoplasm.
3. Synthesis and proteolytic cleavage of the replicase polyprotein.
4. Replication occurs in viral factories. A dsRNA genome is synthesized from the genomic ssRNA(+).
5. The dsRNA genome is transcribed/replicated thereby providing viral mRNAs/new ssRNA(+) genomes.
6. Synthesis of structural proteins encoded by subgenomic mRNAs.
7. Assembly and budding at membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the intermediate compartments, and/or the Golgi complex.
8. Release of new virions by exocytosis.

Host-virus interaction

Autophagy modulation

IBV nsp6 proteins induces autophagy to promote virus replication .

Apoptosis modulation

IBV seems to induce apoptosis at late stages of the infection cycle .

Cell-cycle modulation

IBV induces a both S-phase and G(2)/M-phase arrest in infected cells to promote favorable conditions for viral replication .