Leaky scanning
Unanticipated antigens: translation initiation at CUG with leucine
Susan R. Schwab, Jessica A. Shugart, Tiffany Horng, Subramaniam Malarkannan, Nilabh Shastri
PLoS Biol. November 2004; 2: e366
Susan R. Schwab, Jessica A. Shugart, Tiffany Horng, Subramaniam Malarkannan, Nilabh Shastri
PLoS Biol. November 2004; 2: e366
uORFdb--a comprehensive literature database on eukaryotic uORF biology
Klaus Wethmar, Adriano Barbosa-Silva, Miguel A Andrade-Navarro, Achim Leutz
Nucleic Acids Res. October 24, 2013;
Klaus Wethmar, Adriano Barbosa-Silva, Miguel A Andrade-Navarro, Achim Leutz
Nucleic Acids Res. October 24, 2013;
Eukaryotic initiation factor 2 phosphorylation and translational control in metabolism
Thomas D Baird, Ronald C Wek
Adv Nutr May 2012; 3: 307?321
Thomas D Baird, Ronald C Wek
Adv Nutr May 2012; 3: 307?321
Family | Host | Genus | Virus | Products | RefSeq | Ref. |
Bunyaviridae | Orthobunyavirus | Bunyamwera virus | NS/NSs | NC_001927 | Bunyavirus nucleoprotein, N, and a non-structural protein, NSS, are coded by overlapping reading frames in the S RNA
F Fuller, A S Bhown, D H Bishop J. Gen. Virol. August 1983; 64 (Pt 8): 1705?1714 |
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Hantavirus | Andes virus | NS/NSs | NC_003466 | The Andes hantavirus NSs protein is expressed from the viral small mRNA by a leaky scanning mechanism
Jorge Vera-Otarola, Loretto Solis, Ricardo Soto-Rifo, Emiliano P Ricci, Karla Pino, Nicole D Tischler, Th?ophile Ohlmann, Jean-Luc Darlix, Marcelo L?pez-Lastra J. Virol. February 2012; 86: 2176?2187 |
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Phlebovirus | Rift valley fever virus | NSm-Gn, NSm, NSm' | NC_014396 | The Rift Valley fever accessory proteins NSm and P78/NSm-GN are distinct determinants of virus propagation in vertebrate and invertebrate hosts
Felix Kreher, Carole Tamietti, C?line Gommet, Laurent Guillemot, Myriam Ermonval, Anna-Bella Failloux, Jean-Jacques Panthier, Mich?le Bouloy, Marie Flamand Emerg Microbes Infect October 2014; 3: e71 |
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Caliciviridae | Norovirus | Murine norovirus | ORF4/CP | NC_008311 | Norovirus regulation of the innate immune response and apoptosis occurs via the product of the alternative open reading frame 4
Nora McFadden, Dalan Bailey, Guia Carrara, Alicia Benson, Yasmin Chaudhry, Amita Shortland, Jonathan Heeney, Felix Yarovinsky, Peter Simmonds, Andrew Macdonald, Ian Goodfellow PLoS Pathog. December 2011; 7: e1002413 |
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Hepadnaviridae | Orthohepadnavirus | Hepatitis B virus | HBeAg/C/P | NC_003977 | Translation of the first upstream ORF in the hepatitis B virus pregenomic RNA modulates translation at the core and polymerase initiation codons
Augustine Chen, Y F Kao, Chris M Brown Nucleic Acids Res. 2005; 33: 1169?1181 |
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M/S? | NC_003977 | |||||
Hepeviridae | Hepevirus | Hepatitis E virus | ORF3/CP | NC_001434 | The open reading frame 3 gene of hepatitis E virus contains a cis-reactive element and encodes a protein required for infection of macaques
Judith Graff, Hanh Nguyen, Claro Yu, William R Elkins, Marisa St Claire, Robert H Purcell, Suzanne U Emerson J. Virol. June 2005; 79: 6680?6689 |
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Herpesviridae | Simplexvirus | Human herpesvirus 1 | uORF/UL30 | NC_001806 | Translational regulation of herpes simplex virus DNA polymerase
D R Yager, A I Marcy, D M Coen J. Virol. May 1990; 64: 2217?2225 |
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Cytomegalovirus | Human cytomegalovirus | uORF2/gp74 | NC_006273 | Translational inhibition by a human cytomegalovirus upstream open reading frame despite inefficient utilization of its AUG codon
J Cao, A P Geballe J. Virol. February 1995; 69: 1030?1036 |
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Rhadinovirus | Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus | uORF1+ORF35/uORF28+ORF36 | NC_009333 | Dual short upstream open reading frames control translation of a herpesviral polycistronic mRNA
Lisa M Kronstad, Kevin F Brulois, Jae U Jung, Britt A Glaunsinger PLoS Pathog. January 2013; 9: e1003156 |
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Orthomyxoviridae | Influenza virus A | A/Puerto Rico/8/34 | PB1/PN1-F2/N40 | NC_002021 | A novel influenza A virus mitochondrial protein that induces cell death W Chen, P A Calvo, D Malide, J Gibbs, U Schubert, I Bacik, S Basta, R O?Neill, J Schickli, P Palese, P Henklein, J R Bennink, J W Yewdell Nat. Med. December 2001; 7: 1306?1312 A complicated message: Identification of a novel PB1-related protein translated from influenza A virus segment 2 mRNA
Helen M Wise, Agnes Foeglein, Jiechao Sun, Rosa Maria Dalton, Sheetal Patel, Wendy Howard, Emma C Anderson, Wendy S Barclay, Paul Digard J. Virol. August 2009; 83: 8021?8031 |
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Influenza virus B | B/Lee/1940 | NB/NA | NC_002209 | Effect of mutations and deletions in a bicistronic mRNA on the synthesis of influenza B virus NB and NA glycoproteins
M A Williams, R A Lamb J. Virol. January 1989; 63: 28?35 |
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Papillomaviridae | Alphapapillomavirus | HPV16 | E6/E7 | NC_001526 | Leaky scanning is the predominant mechanism for translation of human papillomavirus type 16 E7 oncoprotein from E6/E7 bicistronic mRNA
S N Stacey, D Jordan, A J Williamson, M Brown, J H Coote, J R Arrand J. Virol. August 2000; 74: 7284?7297 |
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Polyomaviridae | Polyomavirus | SV40 | Agno/VP2/VP3? | NC_001669 | ||
Paramyxoviridae | Aquaparamyxovirus | Sendai virus | P/C | EU156171 | ||
Respirovirus | Sendai virus | C'/P/C/Y1/Y2 | NC_001552 | Sendai virus contains overlapping genes expressed from a single mRNA
C Giorgi, B M Blumberg, D Kolakofsky Cell December 1983; 35: 829?836 |
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Morbilivirus | Measles virus | P/C | NC_001498 | Measles virus P gene codes for two proteins
W J Bellini, G Englund, S Rozenblatt, H Arnheiter, C D Richardson J. Virol. March 1985; 53: 908?919 |
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Henipavirus | Hendra virus | P/C | NC_001906 | Determination of the henipavirus phosphoprotein gene mRNA editing frequencies and detection of the C, V and W proteins of Nipah virus in virus-infected cells
Michael K Lo, Brian H Harcourt, Bruce A Mungall, Azaibi Tamin, Mark E Peeples, William J Bellini, Paul A Rota J. Gen. Virol. February 2009; 90: 398?404 |
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Reoviridae | Rotavirus | Rotavirus A | VP7.1/VP7.2, | NC_011503 | ||
NSP5/NSP6 | NC_011505 | Expression of rotavirus proteins encoded by alternative open reading frames of genome segment 11
N M Mattion, D B Mitchell, G W Both, M K Estes Virology March 1991; 181: 295?304 | ||||
Orbivirus | Bluetongue virus | Vp6a, NS4 | NC_006008 | Detection of a fourth orbivirus non-structural protein
Mourad Belhouchet, Fauziah Mohd Jaafar, Andrew E. Firth, Jonathan M. Grimes, Peter P. C. Mertens, Houssam Attoui PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e25697 | ||
NS3a | NC_006015 | |||||
Orthoreovirus | Mammalian orthoreovirus | Sigma1/sigma1s | NC_004277 | Reovirus hemagglutinin mRNA codes for two polypeptides in overlapping reading frames
H Ernst, A J Shatkin Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. January 1985; 82: 48?52 |
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MuNS/MuNSC | NC_004281 | Avian and mammalian reoviruses use different molecular mechanisms to synthesize their {micro}NS isoforms
Lisa K Busch, Javier Rodr?guez-Grille, J Ignacio Casal, Jos? Mart?nez-Costas, Javier Benavente J. Gen. Virol. November 2011; 92: 2566?2574 |
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Coronaviridae | Betacoronavirus | Bovine coronavirus | N/I | NC_003045 | The nucleocapsid protein gene of bovine coronavirus is bicistronic
S D Senanayake, M A Hofmann, J L Maki, D A Brian J. Virol. September 1992; 66: 5277?5283 |
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Arteriviridae | Arterivirus | Equine arteritis virus | E/GP2 | NC_002532 | Identification of a novel structural protein of arteriviruses
E J Snijder, H van Tol, K W Pedersen, M J Raamsman, A A de Vries J. Virol. August 1999; 73: 6335?6345 |
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ORF5a/GP5 | NC_002532 | Discovery of a small arterivirus gene that overlaps the GP5 coding sequence and is important for virus production
Andrew E Firth, Jessika C Zevenhoven-Dobbe, Norma M Wills, Yun Young Go, Udeni B R Balasuriya, John F Atkins, Eric J Snijder, Clara C Posthuma J. Gen. Virol. May 2011; 92: 1097?1106 |
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Alphatetraviridae | Omegatetravirus | Helicoverpa armigera stunt virus | P17/CP | NC_004060 | Sequence of RNA2 of the Helicoverpa armigera stunt virus (Tetraviridae) and bacterial expression of its genes
T N Hanzlik, S J Dorrian, K N Johnson, E M Brooks, K H Gordon J. Gen. Virol. April 1995; 76 ( Pt 4): 799?811 |
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Baculoviridae | Alphabaculovirus | Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus | uORF/gp64 | NC_004323 | Baculovirus gp64 gene expression: negative regulation by a minicistron
M J Chang, G W Blissard J. Virol. October 1997; 71: 7448?7460 |
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Alphaflexviridae | Potexvirus | Potato virus X | TGB2/TGB3 | NC_011620 | In vivo translation of the triple gene block of potato virus X requires two subgenomic mRNAs
J Verchot, S M Angell, D C Baulcombe J. Virol. October 1998; 72: 8316?8320 |
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Caulimoviridae | Tungrovirus | Rice tungro bacilliform virus | ORF1/ORF2/ORF3 | NC_001914 | Rice tungro bacilliform virus open reading frames II and III are translated from polycistronic pregenomic RNA by leaky scanning
J F?tterer, H M Rothnie, T Hohn, I Potrykus J. Virol. October 1997; 71: 7984?7989 |
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Luteoviridae | Luteovirus | Barley yellow dwarf virus | P3a/CP/MP | NC_004750 | Control of start codon choice on a plant viral RNA encoding overlapping genes S P Dinesh-Kumar, W A Miller Plant Cell June 1993; 5: 679?692 Discovery of a Small Non-AUG-Initiated ORF in Poleroviruses and Luteoviruses That Is Required for Long-Distance Movement
Ekaterina Smirnova, Andrew E. Firth, W. Allen Miller, Dani?le Scheidecker, V?ronique Brault, Catherine Reinbold, Aur?lie M. Rakotondrafara, Betty Y.-W. Chung, V?ronique Ziegler-Graff PLoS Pathog. May 2015; 11: e1004868 |
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Polerovirus | Potato leafroll virus | P0/P1 | NC_001747 | Nucleotide sequence of potato leafroll luteovirus RNA
M A Mayo, D J Robinson, C A Jolly, L Hyman J. Gen. Virol. May 1989; 70 ( Pt 5): 1037?1051 |
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P3a/CP/MP | NC_001747 | Characterization of a potato leafroll luteovirus subgenomic RNA: differential expression by internal translation initiation and UAG suppression E Tacke, D Pr?fer, F Salamini, W Rohde J. Gen. Virol. October 1990; 71 ( Pt 10): 2265?2272 Discovery of a Small Non-AUG-Initiated ORF in Poleroviruses and Luteoviruses That Is Required for Long-Distance Movement
Ekaterina Smirnova, Andrew E. Firth, W. Allen Miller, Dani?le Scheidecker, V?ronique Brault, Catherine Reinbold, Aur?lie M. Rakotondrafara, Betty Y.-W. Chung, V?ronique Ziegler-Graff PLoS Pathog. May 2015; 11: e1004868 |
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Enamovirus | Pea enation mosaic virus | P0/P1 | NC_003629 | |||
Tombusviridae | Aureusvirus | Pothos latent virus | MP/P14 | NC_000939 | Molecular analysis of the pothos latent virus genome
L Rubino, M Russo J. Gen. Virol. June 1997; 78 ( Pt 6): 1219?1226 |
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Machlomovirus | Maize chlorotic mottle virus | ORF1/ORF2 | NC_003627 | |||
Unassigned | Sobemovirus | Southern bean mosaic virus | MP/X/ORF2A | NC_004060 | An essential fifth coding ORF in the sobemoviruses
Roger Ling, Adrienne E Pate, John P Carr, Andrew E Firth Virology November 2013; 446: 397?408 |
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Tymoviridae | Tymovirus | Turnip yellow mosaic virus | MVP/ORF1 | NC_004063 | Infectious TYMV RNA from cloned cDNA: effects in vitro and in vivo of point substitutions in the initiation codons of two extensively overlapping ORFs
J J Weiland, T W Dreher Nucleic Acids Res. June 26, 1989; 17: 4675?4687 |
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Virgaviridae | Hordeivirus | Barley stripe mosaic virus | TGB2/TGB3 | NC_003481 | Expression of the barley stripe mosaic virus RNA beta ?triple gene block?
H Zhou, A O Jackson Virology February 15, 1996; 216: 367?379 |
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Pecluvirus | Peanut clump virus | CP/P39 | NC_003668 | Translation of the second gene of peanut clump virus RNA 2 occurs by leaky scanning in vitro
E Herzog, H Guilley, C Fritsch Virology April 1, 1995; 208: 215?225 |
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TGB2/TGB3 |