Coronaviridae (taxid:11118)
VIRION
Enveloped, spherical, about 120 nm in diameter. The RNA genome is associated with the N protein to form the nucleocapsid (helical for the genus coronavirus, and tubular for the genus torovirus) see Neuman BW et al. for virion cryo-electron microscopy analysis.
GENOME
Monopartite, linear ssRNA(+) genome of 27-32kb in size (the largest of all RNA virus genomes). Capped, and polyadenylated. The leader RNA (65-89 bp) at the 5' end of the genome is also present at the end of each subgenomic RNAs.
GENE EXPRESSION
The virion RNA is infectious and serves as both the genome and viral messenger RNA.
Genomic RNA encodes for ORF1a, as for ORF1b, it is translated by ribosomal frameshifting. Resulting proteins pp1a and pp1ab are processed into the viral polymerase (RdRp) and other non-structural proteins involved in RNA synthesis. Structural proteins are expressed as subgenomic RNAs. Each RNA (genomic and subgenomic) is translated to yield only the protein encoded by the 5'-most ORF.
ENZYMES
- RNA-dependent RNA polymerase [P0DTD1]
- Proofreading exoribonuclease (ExoN) [P0DTD1]
- Nido-type capping (GDP polyribonucleotidyltransferase, N7methyltransferase, 2'O methylase) [P0DTD1]
- Protein-primed initiation of RNA synthesis [on nsp9 by nsp12]
- EndoU ribonuclease [P0DTD1]
- Papain-like protease (Peptidase C16) [P0DTD1]
- 3C-like proteinase (Peptidase C30) [P0DTD1]
- Helicase [P0DTD1]
- ADP-Ribosylhydrolase [P0DTD1]
REPLICATION
CYTOPLASMIC
- Attachment of the viral S protein (maybe also HE if present) to host receptors mediates endocytosis of the virus into the host cell.
- Fusion of virus membrane with the endosomal membrane (probably mediated by S2), ssRNA(+) genome is released into the cytoplasm.
- Synthesis and proteolytic cleavage of the replicase polyprotein.
- Replication occurs in viral factories. A dsRNA genome is synthesized from the genomic ssRNA(+).
- The dsRNA genome is transcribed/replicated thereby providing viral mRNAs/new ssRNA(+) genomes.
- Synthesis of structural proteins encoded by subgenomic mRNAs.
- Assembly and budding at membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the intermediate compartments, and/or the Golgi complex.
- Release of new virions by exocytosis.
Host-virus interaction
Host gene expression shutoff
SARS-CoV nsp1 protein mediates host mRNA decay .
Apoptosis modulation
Human coronavirus induces neuronal apoptosis via mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor and cyclophilin D .
IBV also seems to induce apoptosis
at late stages of the infection cycle .
Autophagy modulation
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), SARS-CoV and MHV nsp6 proteins induce autophagy to promote virus replication
.
Cell-cycle modulation
SARS-CoV Nsp15 has a retinoblastoma protein-binding motif (LXCXE/D) and seems to interact with host retinoblastoma protein resulting in an increased proportion of cells in the S phase of the cell cycle. This probably involves G1/S host cell cycle checkpoint dysregulation by the virus
.
IBV induces a both S-phase and G(2)/M-phase arrest in infected cells to promote favorable conditions for viral replication
.
Murine coronavirus and SARS-CoV may also induce G0/G1 checkpoint dysregulation
.
Innate immune response inhibition
SARS-CoV Protein 3a, which has a viral channel activity, may cause endoplasmic reticulum stress and inhibition of the type 1 interferon receptor
.
SARS-CoV PL-Pro mediates
ISG15 inhibition
and inhibition of host IRF3
.
SARS-CoV M protein mediates the
inhibition of host TRAF3
.
TGEV protein 7 may counteract host antiviral response .
Matching UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries
(all links/actions below point to uniprot.org website)474 entries grouped by strain
17 entries
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (2019-nCoV) (SARS-CoV-2) reference strain
15 entries
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) reference strain
11 entries
Murine coronavirus (strain A59) (MHV-A59) (Murine hepatitis virus) reference strain
10 entries
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain Beaudette) (IBV) reference strain
10 entries
Bat coronavirus HKU4 (BtCoV) (BtCoV/HKU4/2004) reference strain
10 entries
Bat coronavirus HKU5 (BtCoV) (BtCoV/HKU5/2004) reference strain
10 entries
Feline coronavirus (strain FIPV WSU-79/1146) (FCoV) reference strain
10 entries
Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) reference strain
10 entries
Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (isolate United Kingdom/H123990006/2012) (MERS-CoV) (Betacoronavirus England 1) reference strain
9 entries
Bat coronavirus HKU9 (BtCoV) (BtCoV/HKU9) reference strain
9 entries
Human coronavirus HKU1 (isolate N5) (HCoV-HKU1) reference strain
9 entries
Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (strain Purdue) (TGEV) reference strain
8 entries
Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) reference strain
8 entries
Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (strain 67N) (HEV-67N) reference strain
7 entries
Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) reference strain
4 entries
Murine coronavirus (strain 2) (MHV-2) (Murine hepatitis virus) reference strain
1 entry
Beluga whale coronavirus (strain SW1) (BwCoV) reference strain
13 entries
Bat coronavirus Rp3/2004 (BtCoV/Rp3/2004) (SARS-like coronavirus Rp3)
12 entries
Bat coronavirus 279/2005 (BtCoV) (BtCoV/279/2005)
12 entries
Bat coronavirus HKU3 (BtCoV) (SARS-like coronavirus HKU3)
12 entries
Bovine coronavirus (strain 98TXSF-110-ENT) (BCoV-ENT) (BCV)
12 entries
Bovine coronavirus (strain 98TXSF-110-LUN) (BCoV-LUN) (BCV)
12 entries
Bovine coronavirus (strain Mebus) (BCoV) (BCV)
12 entries
Bovine coronavirus (strain Quebec) (BCoV) (BCV)
11 entries
Murine coronavirus (strain JHM) (MHV-JHM) (Murine hepatitis virus)
10 entries
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain M41) (IBV)
10 entries
Bat coronavirus 133/2005 (BtCoV) (BtCoV/133/2005)
10 entries
Bovine coronavirus (strain LSU-94LSS-051) (BCoV-LSU) (BCV)
10 entries
Bovine coronavirus (strain LY-138) (BCoV) (BCV)
10 entries
Bovine coronavirus (strain OK-0514) (BCoV) (BCV)
9 entries
Canine coronavirus (strain Insavc-1) (CCoV) (Canine enteric coronavirus)
9 entries
Human coronavirus HKU1 (isolate N1) (HCoV-HKU1)
9 entries
Human coronavirus HKU1 (isolate N2) (HCoV-HKU1)
9 entries
Rat coronavirus (strain 681) (RCV-SDAV) (Sialodacryoadenitis virus SDAV-681)
8 entries
Canine coronavirus (strain BGF10) (CCoV) (Canine enteric coronavirus)
8 entries
Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (strain IAF-404) (HEV)
7 entries
Bat coronavirus 512/2005 (BtCoV) (BtCoV/512/2005)
7 entries
Bovine coronavirus (strain F15) (BCoV) (BCV)
7 entries
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (strain CV777) (PEDV)
7 entries
Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (strain FS772/70) (TGEV)
6 entries
Porcine respiratory coronavirus (strain RM4) (PRCoV) (PRCV)
5 entries
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain KB8523) (IBV)
5 entries
Bovine coronavirus (strain Ontario) (BCoV) (BCV)
5 entries
Murine coronavirus (strain S) (MHV-S) (Murine hepatitis virus)
5 entries
Porcine respiratory coronavirus (strain 86/137004 / isolate British) (PRCoV) (PRCV)
4 entries
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain Beaudette CK) (IBV)
4 entries
Canine coronavirus (strain K378) (CCoV) (Canine enteric coronavirus)
3 entries
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain Portugal/322/82) (IBV)
3 entries
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain UK/183/66) (IBV)
3 entries
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain UK/68/84) (IBV)
2 entries
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain 6/82) (IBV)
2 entries
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain Beaudette US) (IBV)
2 entries
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain D1466) (IBV)
2 entries
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain DE072) (IBV)
2 entries
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain Gray) (IBV)
2 entries
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain H120) (IBV)
2 entries
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain H52) (IBV)
2 entries
Bovine coronavirus (strain L9) (BCoV) (BCV)
2 entries
Feline enteric coronavirus (strain 79-1683) (FeCoV) (FECV)
2 entries
Murine coronavirus (strain 1) (MHV-1) (Murine hepatitis virus)
2 entries
Murine coronavirus (strain 3) (MHV-3) (Murine hepatitis virus)
2 entries
Murine coronavirus (strain DVIM) (MHV-DVIM) (Murine hepatitis virus)
2 entries
Puffinosis coronavirus (PV) (Puffinosis virus)
2 entries
Turkey enteric coronavirus (TCoV) (TCV)
1 entry
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain Arkansas 99) (IBV)
1 entry
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain Beaudette M42) (IBV)
1 entry
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain D274) (IBV)
1 entry
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain D41) (IBV)
1 entry
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain SAIB20) (IBV)
1 entry
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain V18/91) (IBV)
1 entry
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain Vic S) (IBV)
1 entry
Bovine coronavirus (strain G95) (BCoV) (BCV)
1 entry
Bovine coronavirus (strain vaccine) (BCoV) (BCV)
1 entry
Equine coronavirus (isolate NC99) (ECoV)
1 entry
Murine coronavirus (strain 4) (MHV-4) (Murine hepatitis virus)
1 entry
Murine coronavirus (strain JHMV / variant CL-2) (MHV) (Murine hepatitis virus)
1 entry
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (strain Br1/87) (PEDV)
1 entry
Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (strain Miller) (TGEV)
1 entry
Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (strain NEB72-rt) (TGEV)
1 entry
Rat coronavirus (strain NJ) (RCV-NJ)
1 entry
Turkey coronavirus (strain Indiana) (TCoV) (TCV)
1 entry
Turkey coronavirus (strain Minnesota) (TCoV) (TCV)
1 entry
Turkey coronavirus (strain NC95) (TCoV) (TCV)
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (strain Beaudette) taxid:11122
Bat Hp-betacoronavirus/Zhejiang2013 taxid:1541205
Bat coronavirus 512/2005 taxid:693999
Bat coronavirus BM48-31/BGR/2008 taxid:864596
Bat coronavirus CDPHE15/USA/2006 taxid:1384461
Bat coronavirus HKU4 taxid:694007
Bat coronavirus HKU5 taxid:694008
Bat coronavirus HKU9 taxid:694006
Beluga whale coronavirus (strain SW1) taxid:694015
Betacoronavirus HKU24 taxid:1590370
Bovine coronavirus taxid:11128
Bovine coronavirus (strain 98TXSF-110-ENT) taxid:233262
Bovine coronavirus (strain 98TXSF-110-LUN) taxid:233264
Protein | ModelArchive |
Envelope small membrane protein (E protein) (sM protein) | ma-jd-viral-30278 |
Bovine coronavirus (strain F15) taxid:11129
Protein | ModelArchive |
Envelope small membrane protein (E protein) (sM protein) | ma-jd-viral-30278 |
Bovine coronavirus (strain LSU-94LSS-051) taxid:233261
Protein | ModelArchive |
Envelope small membrane protein (E protein) (sM protein) | ma-jd-viral-30278 |
Non-structural protein of 12.7 kDa (ns12.7) (12.7 kDa accessory protein) | ma-jd-viral-36618 |
Bovine coronavirus (strain LY-138) taxid:11131
Protein | ModelArchive |
Envelope small membrane protein (E protein) (sM protein) | ma-jd-viral-30278 |
Bovine coronavirus (strain OK-0514) taxid:231432
Protein | ModelArchive |
Envelope small membrane protein (E protein) (sM protein) | ma-jd-viral-30278 |
Bovine coronavirus (strain Ontario) taxid:231422
Protein | ModelArchive |
Envelope small membrane protein (E protein) (sM protein) | ma-jd-viral-30278 |
Non-structural protein of 12.7 kDa (ns12.7) (12.7 kDa accessory protein) | ma-jd-viral-36618 |
Bovine coronavirus (strain Quebec) taxid:11133
Protein | ModelArchive |
Envelope small membrane protein (E protein) (sM protein) | ma-jd-viral-30278 |
Non-structural protein of 12.7 kDa (ns12.7) (12.7 kDa accessory protein) | ma-jd-viral-36618 |
BtMr-AlphaCoV/SAX2011 taxid:1503289
BtNv-AlphaCoV/SC2013 taxid:1503291
BtRf-AlphaCoV/HuB2013 taxid:1503292
BtRf-AlphaCoV/YN2012 taxid:1503293
Camel alphacoronavirus taxid:1699095
Common moorhen coronavirus HKU21 taxid:1159902
Feline coronavirus (strain FIPV WSU-79/1146) taxid:33734
Feline infectious peritonitis virus taxid:11135
Ferret coronavirus taxid:1264898
Human coronavirus 229E taxid:11137
Human coronavirus HKU1 taxid:290028
Human coronavirus HKU1 (isolate N1) taxid:443239
Human coronavirus NL63 taxid:277944
Infectious bronchitis virus taxid:11120
Protein | ModelArchive |
Non-structural protein 3a (Accessory protein 3a) | ma-jd-viral-62113 |
Non-structural protein 3b (Accessory protein 3b) | ma-jd-viral-64565 |
Lucheng Rn rat coronavirus taxid:1508224
Protein | ModelArchive |
Envelope protein | ma-jd-viral-63802 |
Membrane protein (M protein) (E1 glycoprotein) (Matrix glycoprotein) (Membrane... | ma-jd-viral-03155 |
Nucleoprotein | ma-jd-viral-63037 |
Magpie-robin coronavirus HKU18 taxid:1159903
Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus taxid:1335626
Miniopterus bat coronavirus 1 taxid:694000
Miniopterus bat coronavirus HKU8 taxid:694001
Mink coronavirus strain WD1127 taxid:766791
Munia coronavirus HKU13-3514 taxid:572289
Murine coronavirus (strain A59) taxid:11142
Protein | ModelArchive |
Membrane protein (M protein) (E1 glycoprotein) (Matrix glycoprotein) (Membrane... | ma-jd-viral-03168 |
Nucleoprotein (Nucleocapsid protein) (NC) (Protein N) | ma-jd-viral-57217 |
Murine hepatitis virus taxid:11138
Protein | ModelArchive |
Membrane protein (M protein) (E1 glycoprotein) (Matrix glycoprotein) (Membrane... | ma-jd-viral-03168 |
Nucleoprotein (Nucleocapsid protein) (NC) (Protein N) | ma-jd-viral-57217 |