Bocaparvovirus (taxid:1507401)

VIRION

Non-enveloped, round, T=1 icosahedral symmetry, 21-22 nm in diameter. The capsid consists of 60 copies of CP protein.

GENOME

Linear, ssDNA genome of about 5.5kb in size. Negative strands are predominantly encapsidated. ORFs for both the structural and non-structural proteins are located on the same DNA strand.
The genome is replicated through rolling-hairpin mechanism.

GENE EXPRESSION

Host proteins transcribe the genomes into mRNAs. Alternative mRNAs splicing allows expression of at least eight different mRNAs. VP2 is translated by leaky scanning from VP1 gene, VP3 would be produced by cleavage of VP2.

ENZYMES

• Parvo-type Endonuclease [NS1]

REPLICATION

NUCLEAR

1. Attachement to host receptors initiates clathrin-mediated endocytosis of the virion into the host cell.
2. The virion penetrates into the cytoplasm via permeabilization of host endosomal membrane.
3. Microtubular transport of the virion toward the nucleus.
4. The viral ssDNA genome penetrates into the nucleus.
5. The ssDNA is converted into dsDNA by cellular proteins.
6. dsDNA transcription gives rise to viral mRNAs when host cell enters S phase and translated to produce viral proteins.
7. Replication occurs through rolling-hairpin mechanism, with NS1 endonuclease binding covalently to the 5' genomic end.
8. Individual ssDNA genomes are excised from replication concatemers by a process called junction resolution.
9. These newly synthesized ssDNA can either
   a) be converted to dsDNA and serve as a template for transcription/replication
   b) be encapsidated to form new virions that are released by cell lysis.

Host-virus interaction

Apoptosis modulation

Minute virus of canines (MVC) induces apoptosis and caspases activation

Cell-cycle modulation

MVC induces G2/M checkpoint arrest.