Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (taxid:11676)
Molecular biology

Enveloped, spherical to pleomorphic in shape, 80-100 nm in diameter. Mature capsid contains 1572 capsid proteins.
Monopartite, linear, dimeric, ssRNA(+) genome of 9,75 kb, with a 5'-cap and a 3'poly-A tail. There are two long terminal repeats (LTRs) of about 600nt long at the 5' and 3' ends. The LTRs contain the U3, R, and U5 regions. There are also a primer binding site (PBS) at the 5'end and a polypurine tract (PPT) at the 3'end.
GENE EXPRESSION
The integrated provirus utilizes the promotor elements in the 5' LTR to drive transcription. This gives rise to the unspliced full length mRNA that will serve as genomic RNA to be packaged into virions or used as a template for translation of gag and gag-(pro)pol (1 ribosomal frameshift) polyproteins. The uncompletely spliced mRNAs encode env that is cleaved into SU and TM envelope proteins, and the accessory proteins vif, vpu, and vpr. Completely spliced mRNAs encode Rev, Tat and Nef accessory proteins. Rev escorts unspliced and uncompletely spliced RNAs out of the nucleus of infected cells.
ENZYMES
- Reverse transcriptase
- RNAse H [RT]
- Polyprotein protease (Peptidase A2) [PRO]
- Retroviral Integrase [INT]
REPLICATION
NUCLEAR
Lytic replication:
- Virus attaches to host CD4 receptors through the SU glycoprotein (gp120), with subsequent interaction with a chemokine coreceptor.
- Internalization via clathrin-dependent endocytosis. TM glycoprotein (gp41) mediates dynamin-dependent fusion with the host endosomal membrane. Nucleocapsid is released into the cytoplasm, with partial uncoating.
- ssRNA(+) genome is copied into a linear dsDNA molecule by the reverse transcriptase.
- Nuclear entry of the viral dsDNA which is covalently and randomly integrated into the cell's genome by the integrase (=provirus).
- Transcription of provirus by Pol II produces viral spliced and unspliced RNAs.
- Translation of spliced viral RNAs produces tat, rev, and nef proteins.
- Rev mediates nuclear export of the uncompletely spliced RNAs.
- Translation of unspliced viral RNAs produces Env, Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins.
- Assembly of the virion at the host cellular membrane and packaging of the viral RNA genome.
- Budding through the plasma membrane and release of the virions.
- Proteolytic processing of the precursors polyproteins by viral protease and maturation of the virions.
Latent replication : replication as a provirus integrated in the host chromosome.
Reference strains
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Epidemiology
Replication cycle
- Virus attaches to host CD4 receptors through the SU glycoprotein (gp120), with subsequent interaction with a chemokine coreceptor.
- Internalization via clathrin-dependent endocytosis. TM glycoprotein (gp41) mediates dynamin-dependent fusion with the host endosomal membrane. Nucleocapsid is released into the cytoplasm, with partial uncoating.
- ssRNA(+) genome is copied into a linear dsDNA molecule by the reverse transcriptase.
- Nuclear entry of the viral dsDNA which is covalently and randomly integrated into the cell's genome by the integrase (=provirus).
- Transcription of provirus by Pol II produces viral spliced and unspliced RNAs.
- Translation of spliced viral RNAs produces tat, rev, and nef proteins.
- Rev mediates nuclear export of the uncompletely spliced RNAs.
- Translation of unspliced viral RNAs produces Env, Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins.
- Assembly of the virion at the host cellular membrane and packaging of the viral RNA genome.
- Budding through the plasma membrane and release of the virions.
- Proteolytic processing of the precursors polyproteins by viral protease and maturation of the virions.
Matching UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries
(all links/actions below point to uniprot.org website)353 entries grouped by strain
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype A (isolate MAL) (HIV-1) reference strain
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate ARV2/SF2) (HIV-1) reference strain
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate BRU/LAI) (HIV-1) reference strain
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate HXB2) (HIV-1) reference strain
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate MN) (HIV-1) reference strain
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate RF/HAT3) (HIV-1) reference strain
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (strain 89.6) (HIV-1) reference strain
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype C (isolate 92BR025) (HIV-1) reference strain
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype C (isolate ETH2220) (HIV-1) reference strain
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype D (isolate ELI) (HIV-1) reference strain
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype F1 (isolate 93BR020) (HIV-1) reference strain
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype F1 (isolate VI850) (HIV-1) reference strain
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype H (isolate 90CF056) (HIV-1) reference strain
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group N (isolate YBF30) (HIV-1) reference strain
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group O (isolate ANT70) (HIV-1) reference strain
6 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype A (isolate U455) (HIV-1) reference strain
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate BH10) (HIV-1)
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate JRCSF) (HIV-1)
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate YU-2) (HIV-1)
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group N (isolate YBF106) (HIV-1)
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group O (isolate MVP5180) (HIV-1)
8 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate OYI) (HIV-1)
8 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype D (isolate NDK) (HIV-1)
8 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype D (isolate Z2/CDC-Z34) (HIV-1)
8 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype F2 (isolate MP255) (HIV-1)
8 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype F2 (isolate MP257) (HIV-1)
8 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype G (isolate 92NG083) (HIV-1)
8 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype H (isolate VI991) (HIV-1)
8 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype J (isolate SE9173) (HIV-1)
8 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype J (isolate SE9280) (HIV-1)
8 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype K (isolate 96CM-MP535) (HIV-1)
8 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype K (isolate 97ZR-EQTB11) (HIV-1)
7 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate LW123) (HIV-1)
7 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype G (isolate SE6165) (HIV-1)
6 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate HXB3) (HIV-1)
6 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate SC) (HIV-1)
5 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate CDC-451) (HIV-1)
5 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate NY5) (HIV-1)
5 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate PCV12) (HIV-1)
5 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate SF162) (HIV-1)
5 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate SF33) (HIV-1)
5 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype D (isolate Z6) (HIV-1)
4 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate BH5) (HIV-1)
3 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate BH8) (HIV-1)
3 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate BRVA) (HIV-1)
3 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate JH32) (HIV-1)
2 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype A (isolate Z321) (HIV-1)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate KB-1/ETR) (HIV-1)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate MFA) (HIV-1)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate N1T-A) (HIV-1)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate WMJ1) (HIV-1)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate WMJ22) (HIV-1)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype D (isolate Z84) (HIV-1)
1 entry