Lentivirus (taxid:11646)
VIRION

Enveloped, spherical to pleomorphic in shape, 80-100 nm in diameter. Mature capsid contains 1572 capsid proteins.
GENOME
Monopartite, linear, dimeric, ssRNA(+) genome of 9,75 kb, with a 5'-cap and a 3'poly-A tail. There are two long terminal repeats (LTRs) of about 600nt long at the 5' and 3' ends. The LTRs contain the U3, R, and U5 regions. There are also a primer binding site (PBS) at the 5'end and a polypurine tract (PPT) at the 3'end.
GENE EXPRESSION
The integrated provirus utilizes the promotor elements in the 5'LTR to drive transcription. This gives rise to the unspliced full length mRNA that will serve as genomic RNA to be packaged into virions or used as a template for translation of gag and gag-(pro)pol (1 ribosomal frameshift) polyproteins. The uncompletely spliced mRNAs encode env that is cleaved into SU and TM envelope proteins, and the accessory proteins vif, vpu, and vpr. Completely spliced mRNAs encode Rev, Tat and Nef accessory proteins. Rev escorts unspliced and uncompletely spliced RNAs out of the nucleus of infected cells.
ENZYMES
- Reverse transcriptase
- RNAse H [RT]
- Polyprotein protease (Peptidase A2) [PRO]
- Integrase [INT]
REPLICATION
NUCLEAR
Lytic replication:
- Virus attaches to host receptors through the SU glycoprotein (gp120), with subsequent interaction with a chemokine coreceptor. TM glycoprotein (gp41) mediates fusion with cell membrane.
- Internalization and partial uncoating.
- ssRNA(+) genome is copied into a linear dsDNA molecule by the reverse transcriptase.
- Nuclear entry of the viral dsDNA which is covalently and randomly integrated into the cell's genome by the viral integrase (=provirus).
- Transcription of provirus by Pol II produces viral spliced and unspliced RNAs.
- Translation of spliced viral RNAs produces tat, rev, and nef proteins.
- Rev mediates nuclear export of the uncompletely spliced RNAs.
- Translation of unspliced viral RNAs produces Env, Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins.
- Assembly of the virion at the host cellular membrane and packaging of the viral RNA genome.
- Budding through the plasma membrane and release of the virions.
- Proteolytic processing of the precursors polyproteins by viral protease and maturation of the virions.
Latent replication : replication as a provirus integrated in the host chromosome.
Host-virus interaction
Adaptive immune response inhibition
Lentiviruses have evolved different strategies to inhibit the host adaptive immune response. HIV-1 TAT acts at the transcriptional level by modifying proteasome composition by upregulating the LMP7 and MECL1 subunits and downregulating the LMP2 subunit, thereby promoting presentation of cryptic and subdominant CTL epitopes.
Three other HIV-1 proteins, Nef, Env and Vpu, contribute to downregulate CD4. Env forms a complex with CD4 in the endoplasmic reticulum, and retains the receptor in this compartment. Nef and Vpu target the receptor for degradation in the lysosome and the proteasome, respectively.
Apoptosis modulation
Vpr plays a role in the "induction of apoptosis" in HIV-1 infected cells via destabilization of the mitochondrial membrane leading to cytochrome C release and activation of the host caspase 9/3 pathway.
Autophagy modulation
HIV-1 Tat suppressed the induction of autophagy-associated genes and inhibited the formation of autophagosomes process ,.
Cell-cycle modulation
The Vpr protein form HIV-1 and HIV-2 induces a cell cycle arrest at G2/M transition through inactivation of the host cyclinB/cdc2 complex .
Innate immune response inhibition
Tat can inhibit PKR activity by both RNA-dependent and RNA-independent mechanisms .
Matching UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries
(all links/actions below point to uniprot.org website)679 entries grouped by strain
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype A (isolate MAL) (HIV-1) reference strain
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Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate ARV2/SF2) (HIV-1) reference strain
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Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate BRU/LAI) (HIV-1) reference strain
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate HXB2) (HIV-1) reference strain
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate MN) (HIV-1) reference strain
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate RF/HAT3) (HIV-1) reference strain
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (strain 89.6) (HIV-1) reference strain
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype C (isolate 92BR025) (HIV-1) reference strain
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype C (isolate ETH2220) (HIV-1) reference strain
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype D (isolate ELI) (HIV-1) reference strain
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype F1 (isolate 93BR020) (HIV-1) reference strain
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype F1 (isolate VI850) (HIV-1) reference strain
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype H (isolate 90CF056) (HIV-1) reference strain
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group N (isolate YBF30) (HIV-1) reference strain
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group O (isolate ANT70) (HIV-1) reference strain
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtype A (isolate BEN) (HIV-2) reference strain
9 entries
Simian immunodeficiency virus (isolate CPZ GAB1) (SIV-cpz) (Chimpanzee immunodeficiency virus) reference strain
9 entries
Simian immunodeficiency virus (isolate EK505) (SIV-cpz) (Chimpanzee immunodeficiency virus) reference strain
9 entries
Simian immunodeficiency virus (isolate MB66) (SIV-cpz) (Chimpanzee immunodeficiency virus) reference strain
9 entries
Simian immunodeficiency virus (isolate TAN1) (SIV-cpz) (Chimpanzee immunodeficiency virus) reference strain
6 entries
Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (strain Cork) (CAEV-Co) reference strain
6 entries
Feline immunodeficiency virus (isolate Petaluma) (FIV) reference strain
6 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype A (isolate U455) (HIV-1) reference strain
6 entries
Jembrana disease virus (JDV) reference strain
1 entry
Simian immunodeficiency virus AGM.tantalus (SIV-agm.tan) (Simian immunodeficiency virus African green monkey tantalus) reference strain
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate BH10) (HIV-1)
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate JRCSF) (HIV-1)
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate YU-2) (HIV-1)
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group N (isolate YBF106) (HIV-1)
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group O (isolate MVP5180) (HIV-1)
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtype A (isolate CAM2) (HIV-2)
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtype A (isolate D194) (HIV-2)
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtype A (isolate Ghana-1) (HIV-2)
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtype A (isolate KR) (HIV-2)
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtype A (isolate NIH-Z) (HIV-2)
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtype A (isolate ROD) (HIV-2)
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtype A (isolate SBLISY) (HIV-2)
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtype A (isolate ST) (HIV-2)
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtype B (isolate EHO) (HIV-2)
9 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtype B (isolate UC1) (HIV-2)
9 entries
Simian immunodeficiency virus (isolate F236/smH4) (SIV-sm) (Simian immunodeficiency virus sooty mangabey monkey)
9 entries
Simian immunodeficiency virus (isolate Mm142-83) (SIV-mac) (Simian immunodeficiency virus rhesus monkey)
9 entries
Simian immunodeficiency virus (isolate Mm251) (SIV-mac) (Simian immunodeficiency virus rhesus monkey)
9 entries
Simian immunodeficiency virus (isolate PBj14/BCL-3) (SIV-sm) (Simian immunodeficiency virus sooty mangabey monkey)
8 entries
Bovine immunodeficiency virus (strain R29) (BIV) (Bovine immunodeficiency-like virus)
8 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate OYI) (HIV-1)
8 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype D (isolate NDK) (HIV-1)
8 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype D (isolate Z2/CDC-Z34) (HIV-1)
8 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype F2 (isolate MP255) (HIV-1)
8 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype F2 (isolate MP257) (HIV-1)
8 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype G (isolate 92NG083) (HIV-1)
8 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype H (isolate VI991) (HIV-1)
8 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype J (isolate SE9173) (HIV-1)
8 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype J (isolate SE9280) (HIV-1)
8 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype K (isolate 96CM-MP535) (HIV-1)
8 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype K (isolate 97ZR-EQTB11) (HIV-1)
8 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtype B (isolate D205) (HIV-2)
8 entries
Simian immunodeficiency virus (isolate GB1) (SIV-mnd) (Simian immunodeficiency virus mandrill)
8 entries
Simian immunodeficiency virus agm.grivet (isolate AGM gr-1) (SIV-agm.gri) (Simian immunodeficiency virus African green monkey grivet)
8 entries
Simian immunodeficiency virus agm.vervet (isolate AGM TYO-1) (SIV-agm.ver) (Simian immunodeficiency virus African green monkey vervet)
8 entries
Simian immunodeficiency virus agm.vervet (isolate AGM155) (SIV-agm.ver) (Simian immunodeficiency virus African green monkey vervet)
8 entries
Simian immunodeficiency virus agm.vervet (isolate AGM3) (SIV-agm.ver) (Simian immunodeficiency virus African green monkey vervet)
7 entries
Feline immunodeficiency virus (strain San Diego) (FIV)
7 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate LW123) (HIV-1)
7 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype G (isolate SE6165) (HIV-1)
7 entries
Ovine maedi visna related virus (strain South Africa) (SA-OMVV) (Ovine lentivirus)
6 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate HXB3) (HIV-1)
6 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate SC) (HIV-1)
6 entries
Maedi visna virus (strain 1514) (MVV) (Visna lentivirus)
6 entries
Maedi visna virus (strain KV1772) (MVV) (Visna lentivirus)
5 entries
Equine infectious anemia virus (isolate CL22) (EIAV)
5 entries
Equine infectious anemia virus (strain Wyoming) (EIAV)
5 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate CDC-451) (HIV-1)
5 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate NY5) (HIV-1)
5 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate PCV12) (HIV-1)
5 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate SF162) (HIV-1)
5 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate SF33) (HIV-1)
5 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype D (isolate Z6) (HIV-1)
5 entries
Maedi visna virus (strain 1514 / clone LV1-1KS1) (MVV) (Visna lentivirus)
5 entries
Maedi visna virus (strain 1514 / clone LV1-1KS2) (MVV) (Visna lentivirus)
5 entries
Simian immunodeficiency virus (isolate K78) (SIV-mac) (Simian immunodeficiency virus rhesus monkey)
4 entries
Equine infectious anemia virus (isolate 1369) (EIAV)
4 entries
Feline immunodeficiency virus (isolate TM2) (FIV)
4 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate BH5) (HIV-1)
3 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate BH8) (HIV-1)
3 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate BRVA) (HIV-1)
3 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate JH32) (HIV-1)
2 entries
Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV)
2 entries
Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (strain 63) (CAEV-63)
2 entries
Feline immunodeficiency virus (isolate Wo) (FIV)
2 entries
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype A (isolate Z321) (HIV-1)
2 entries
Simian immunodeficiency virus (isolate African mandrill) (SIV-mnd)
2 entries
Simian immunodeficiency virus (isolate K6W) (SIV-mac) (Simian immunodeficiency virus rhesus monkey)
1 entry
Equine infectious anemia virus (isolate P3.2-1) (EIAV)
1 entry
Equine infectious anemia virus (isolate P3.2-2) (EIAV)
1 entry
Equine infectious anemia virus (isolate P3.2-3) (EIAV)
1 entry
Equine infectious anemia virus (isolate P3.2-5) (EIAV)
1 entry
Equine infectious anemia virus (strain WSU5) (EIAV)
1 entry
Feline immunodeficiency virus (strain UK2) (FIV)
1 entry
Feline immunodeficiency virus (strain UK8) (FIV)
1 entry
Feline immunodeficiency virus (strain UT-113) (FIV)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate KB-1/ETR) (HIV-1)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate MFA) (HIV-1)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate N1T-A) (HIV-1)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate WMJ1) (HIV-1)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate WMJ22) (HIV-1)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype D (isolate Z84) (HIV-1)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype U (isolate Z3) (HIV-1)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtype A (isolate ST/24.1C#2) (HIV-2)
1 entry
Simian immunodeficiency virus (isolate 1A11) (SIV-mac) (Simian immunodeficiency virus rhesus monkey)
1 entry
Simian immunodeficiency virus (isolate STM) (SIV-mac) (Simian immunodeficiency virus rhesus monkey)
Bovine immunodeficiency virus (strain R29) taxid:417296
Feline immunodeficiency virus (isolate Petaluma) taxid:11674
Human immunodeficiency virus 2 taxid:11709
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 taxid:11676
Protein | ModelArchive |
Virion infectivity factor (Vif) (SOR protein) | ma-jd-viral-32085 |
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate BH10) taxid:11678
Protein | ModelArchive |
Virion infectivity factor (Vif) (SOR protein) | ma-jd-viral-32085 |
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate BRU/LAI) taxid:11686
Protein | ModelArchive |
Virion infectivity factor (Vif) (SOR protein) | ma-jd-viral-32085 |
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate HXB2) taxid:11706
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate PCV12) taxid:11679
Protein | ModelArchive |
Virion infectivity factor (Vif) (SOR protein) | ma-jd-viral-32085 |
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtype A (isolate BEN) taxid:11714
Simian immunodeficiency virus taxid:11723
Protein | ModelArchive |
Gag polyprotein | ma-jd-viral-67491 |