Viral genome integration (kw:KW-1179)
Many viruses are able to insert their genetic material into host chromosomes. Three kind of integration exist:
Mandatory integration
Viruses for which this is an obligatory event during viral replication. This is the cases for the retroviridae, pseudoviridae, metaviridae, some myoviridae and siphoviridae. Integration of the viral DNA results in permanent insertion of the viral genome into the host chromosomal DNA, referred as a provirus in the case of retroviruses or prophage in the case of prokaryotic viruses.
Occasional integration
This kind of integration is not necessary for virus replication, but confers some advantages to the host/virus couple. It can facilitate long term asymptomatic infection of cells (latency),and also provide an advantage to the host cell. Many bacterial toxines are carried out by prophages for example.
Endogenous viral elements (EVE) 
Viruses integrated long time ago and "fossilized" into a host genome, through a rare and sometimes accidental process. There are two kinds of endogenous viruses: endogenous retroviruses, and rare RNA virus integration.
Endogenous retro-viruses: Integrated viral genome can remain latent and be passively replicated along with the host genome and passed on to the cell's offspring. Host's environmental condition changes can however reactivate the virus leading to viral transcription and production of new infectious viruses (productive infection).
Retrovirus genomes that become integrated in the germline are referred as endogenous retroviruses (ERV) to distinguish them from horizontally transmitted, not passed on to host progeny, termed "exogenous" retroviruses. Hepadnaviridae have ben found also integrated inhost genome, notably in plants
Endogenous ssDNA viruses: SsDNA viruses like circoviridae which don't encode for an integrase have been found integrated in many genomes. It can happen also in plants: Geminivirus genome have been found in the tobacco genome.
Rare RNA virus integration:dsRNA, ssRNA(+) and ssRNA(-) viruses do not get reverse transcribed and are unable to integrate in host genome. Still Arenavirus reverse-transcribed genome has been detected in mice. Also Bornaviridae
, filoviridae
and Totiviridae
sequences have been found integrated into several mammalian genome, and Rhabdoviridae
in insect genomes indicating tat this event can occur although it's very rare.
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Matching UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries
(all links/actions below point to uniprot.org website)136 entries grouped by strain
1 entry
Acholeplasma phage L2 (Bacteriophage L2) reference strain
1 entry
Acidianus two-tailed virus (ATV) reference strain
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Avian leukosis virus subgroup A (isolate RSA) (ALV-A RSA) reference strain
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Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (strain Cork) (CAEV-Co) reference strain
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Enterobacteria phage P4 (Bacteriophage P4) reference strain
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Escherichia phage 186 (Bacteriophage 186) reference strain
1 entry
Escherichia phage P2 (Bacteriophage P2) reference strain
1 entry
Escherichia phage lambda (Bacteriophage lambda) reference strain
1 entry
Feline foamy virus (FFV) (Feline syncytial virus) reference strain
1 entry
Feline immunodeficiency virus (isolate Petaluma) (FIV) reference strain
1 entry
Frog virus 3 (isolate Goorha) (FV-3) reference strain
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Haemophilus phage HP1 (strain HP1c1) (Bacteriophage HP1) reference strain
1 entry
Human T-cell leukemia virus 1 (isolate Caribbea HS-35 subtype A) (HTLV-1) reference strain
1 entry
Human T-cell leukemia virus 1 (strain Japan ATK-1 subtype A) (HTLV-1) reference strain
1 entry
Human T-cell leukemia virus 2 (HTLV-2) reference strain
1 entry
Human T-cell leukemia virus 3 (strain 2026ND) (HTLV-3) reference strain
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype A (isolate MAL) (HIV-1) reference strain
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype A (isolate U455) (HIV-1) reference strain
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate ARV2/SF2) (HIV-1) reference strain
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate BRU/LAI) (HIV-1) reference strain
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate HXB2) (HIV-1) reference strain
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate MN) (HIV-1) reference strain
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate RF/HAT3) (HIV-1) reference strain
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (strain 89.6) (HIV-1) reference strain
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype C (isolate 92BR025) (HIV-1) reference strain
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype C (isolate ETH2220) (HIV-1) reference strain
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype D (isolate ELI) (HIV-1) reference strain
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype F1 (isolate 93BR020) (HIV-1) reference strain
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype F1 (isolate VI850) (HIV-1) reference strain
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype H (isolate 90CF056) (HIV-1) reference strain
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group N (isolate YBF30) (HIV-1) reference strain
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group O (isolate ANT70) (HIV-1) reference strain
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtype A (isolate BEN) (HIV-2) reference strain
1 entry
Human spumaretrovirus (SFVcpz(hu)) (Human foamy virus) reference strain
1 entry
Jembrana disease virus (JDV) reference strain
1 entry
Moloney murine leukemia virus (isolate Shinnick) (MoMLV) reference strain
1 entry
Mouse mammary tumor virus (strain BR6) (MMTV) reference strain
1 entry
Mouse mammary tumor virus (strain C3H) (MMTV) reference strain
1 entry
Mycobacterium phage D29 (Mycobacteriophage D29) reference strain
1 entry
Mycobacterium phage L5 (Mycobacteriophage L5) reference strain
1 entry
Pseudomonas phage Pf1 (Bacteriophage Pf1) reference strain
1 entry
Salmonella phage P22 (Bacteriophage P22) reference strain
1 entry
Simian foamy virus (isolate chimpanzee) (SFVcpz) reference strain
1 entry
Simian foamy virus type 3 (strain LK3) (SFVagm) (SFV-3) reference strain
1 entry
Simian immunodeficiency virus (isolate CPZ GAB1) (SIV-cpz) (Chimpanzee immunodeficiency virus) reference strain
1 entry
Simian immunodeficiency virus (isolate EK505) (SIV-cpz) (Chimpanzee immunodeficiency virus) reference strain
1 entry
Simian immunodeficiency virus (isolate MB66) (SIV-cpz) (Chimpanzee immunodeficiency virus) reference strain
1 entry
Simian immunodeficiency virus (isolate TAN1) (SIV-cpz) (Chimpanzee immunodeficiency virus) reference strain
1 entry
Sputnik virophage reference strain
1 entry
Sulfolobus spindle-shape virus 1 (SSV1) reference strain
1 entry
Xenotropic MuLV-related virus (isolate VP62) (XMRV) reference strain
1 entry
AKV murine leukemia virus (AKR (endogenous) murine leukemia virus)
1 entry
Avian leukosis virus (ALV)
1 entry
Baboon endogenous virus (strain M7)
1 entry
Bovine immunodeficiency virus (strain R29) (BIV) (Bovine immunodeficiency-like virus)
1 entry
Bovine leukemia virus (isolate Australian) (BLV)
1 entry
Bovine leukemia virus (isolate Japanese BLV-1) (BLV)
1 entry
Cas-Br-E murine leukemia virus
1 entry
Enterobacteria phage 434 (Bacteriophage 434)
1 entry
Enterobacteria phage P21 (Bacteriophage 21) (Bacteriophage P21)
1 entry
Enterobacteria phage phi80 (Bacteriophage phi-80)
1 entry
Equine infectious anemia virus (isolate 1369) (EIAV)
1 entry
Equine infectious anemia virus (isolate CL22) (EIAV)
1 entry
Equine infectious anemia virus (strain Wyoming) (EIAV)
1 entry
Escherichia phage HK022 (Bacteriophage HK022)
1 entry
Feline immunodeficiency virus (isolate TM2) (FIV)
1 entry
Feline immunodeficiency virus (strain San Diego) (FIV)
1 entry
Feline leukemia virus
1 entry
Friend murine leukemia virus (isolate 57) (FrMLV)
1 entry
Friend murine leukemia virus (isolate FB29) (FrMLV)
1 entry
Friend murine leukemia virus (isolate PVC-211) (FrMLV)
1 entry
Gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV)
1 entry
Human T-cell leukemia virus 1 (isolate Melanesia mel5 subtype C) (HTLV-1)
1 entry
Human T-cell leukemia virus 3 (strain Pyl43) (HTLV-3)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate BH10) (HIV-1)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate BH5) (HIV-1)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate JRCSF) (HIV-1)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate LW123) (HIV-1)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate NY5) (HIV-1)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate OYI) (HIV-1)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype B (isolate YU-2) (HIV-1)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype D (isolate NDK) (HIV-1)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype D (isolate Z2/CDC-Z34) (HIV-1)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype F2 (isolate MP255) (HIV-1)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype F2 (isolate MP257) (HIV-1)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype G (isolate 92NG083) (HIV-1)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype G (isolate SE6165) (HIV-1)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype H (isolate VI991) (HIV-1)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype J (isolate SE9173) (HIV-1)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype J (isolate SE9280) (HIV-1)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype K (isolate 96CM-MP535) (HIV-1)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M subtype K (isolate 97ZR-EQTB11) (HIV-1)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group N (isolate YBF106) (HIV-1)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group O (isolate MVP5180) (HIV-1)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtype A (isolate CAM2) (HIV-2)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtype A (isolate D194) (HIV-2)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtype A (isolate Ghana-1) (HIV-2)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtype A (isolate KR) (HIV-2)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtype A (isolate NIH-Z) (HIV-2)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtype A (isolate ROD) (HIV-2)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtype A (isolate SBLISY) (HIV-2)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtype A (isolate ST) (HIV-2)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtype B (isolate D205) (HIV-2)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtype B (isolate EHO) (HIV-2)
1 entry
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtype B (isolate UC1) (HIV-2)
1 entry
Koala retrovirus (KoRV)
1 entry
Maedi visna virus (strain 1514 / clone LV1-1KS1) (MVV) (Visna lentivirus)
1 entry
Maedi visna virus (strain 1514 / clone LV1-1KS2) (MVV) (Visna lentivirus)
1 entry
Maedi visna virus (strain 1514) (MVV) (Visna lentivirus)
1 entry
Maedi visna virus (strain KV1772) (MVV) (Visna lentivirus)
1 entry
Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV) (Simian Mason-Pfizer virus)
1 entry
Murine leukemia virus (strain BM5 eco)
1 entry
Mycobacterium phage FRAT1 (Mycobacteriophage FRAT1)
1 entry
Ovine maedi visna related virus (strain South Africa) (SA-OMVV) (Ovine lentivirus)
1 entry
Radiation murine leukemia virus
1 entry
Rous sarcoma virus subgroup B (strain Schmidt-Ruppin) (RSV-SR-B)
1 entry
Rous sarcoma virus subgroup C (strain Prague) (RSV-Pr-C)
1 entry
Sheep pulmonary adenomatosis virus (Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus) (JSRV)
1 entry
Shigella phage Sf6 (Shigella flexneri bacteriophage VI) (Bacteriophage SfVI)
1 entry
Simian foamy virus type 1 (SFVmac) (SFV-1)
1 entry
Simian immunodeficiency virus (isolate F236/smH4) (SIV-sm) (Simian immunodeficiency virus sooty mangabey monkey)
1 entry
Simian immunodeficiency virus (isolate GB1) (SIV-mnd) (Simian immunodeficiency virus mandrill)
1 entry
Simian immunodeficiency virus (isolate Mm142-83) (SIV-mac) (Simian immunodeficiency virus rhesus monkey)
1 entry
Simian immunodeficiency virus (isolate Mm251) (SIV-mac) (Simian immunodeficiency virus rhesus monkey)
1 entry
Simian immunodeficiency virus (isolate PBj14/BCL-3) (SIV-sm) (Simian immunodeficiency virus sooty mangabey monkey)
1 entry
Simian immunodeficiency virus agm.grivet (isolate AGM gr-1) (SIV-agm.gri) (Simian immunodeficiency virus African green monkey grivet)
1 entry
Simian immunodeficiency virus agm.vervet (isolate AGM TYO-1) (SIV-agm.ver) (Simian immunodeficiency virus African green monkey vervet)
1 entry
Simian immunodeficiency virus agm.vervet (isolate AGM155) (SIV-agm.ver) (Simian immunodeficiency virus African green monkey vervet)
1 entry
Simian immunodeficiency virus agm.vervet (isolate AGM3) (SIV-agm.ver) (Simian immunodeficiency virus African green monkey vervet)
1 entry
Simian retrovirus SRV-1
1 entry
Simian retrovirus SRV-2
1 entry
Squirrel monkey retrovirus (SMRV-H) (SMRV-HLB)
1 entry
Staphylococcus phage L54a (Bacteriophage L54a)
1 entry
Woolly monkey sarcoma virus (WMSV) (Simian sarcoma-associated virus)
1 entry
Xenotropic MuLV-related virus (isolate VP35) (XMRV)
1 entry