Alphaherpesvirinae (taxid:10293)
VIRION

Enveloped, spherical to pleomorphic, 150-200 nm in diameter, T=16 icosahedral symmetry. The capsid consists of 162 capsomers and is surrounded by an amorphous tegument. Glycoproteins complexes are embedded in the lipid envelope.
GENOME
Monopartite, linear, dsDNA genome of 120-180 kb. The genome contains terminal and internal reiterated sequences.
GENE EXPRESSION
Each viral transcript usually encodes a single protein and has a promoter/regulatory sequence, a TATA box, a transcription initiation site, a 5' leader sequence of 30-300 bp (not translated), a 3' nontranslated sequence of 10-30 bp, and a poly A signal. There are many gene overlaps. There are only few spliced genes. Some of the expressed ORFs are antisense to each other. Some ORFs can be accessed from more than one promoter. There are some non-coding genes.
There are three types of genes: immediate-early (?), early(?) and late (?). The ? genes are transcribed immediately after infection and ensure the transcription of ? genes, which encode the proteins necessary for the viral replication. The ? genes mostly encode structural proteins. Standing apart are genes expressed during latency.
The viral proteins VHS and ICP27 are involved in shut-off of host protein translation in order to ensure the selective expression of viral proteins versus cellular proteins.
ENZYMES
- DNA-dependent DNA polymerase
- DNA primase
- Tegument deneddylase (Peptidase C76)
- Assemblin (Peptidase S21)
- Kinase
- Helicase
- Endonuclease
- Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase
- Thymidine kinase
- Uracil-DNA glycosylase
REPLICATION
NUCLEAR
Lytic replication:
- Attachment of the viral gB, gC, gD and gH proteins to host receptors mediates endocytosis of the virus into the host cell.
- Fusion with the plasma membrane to release the core and the tegument proteins into the host cytoplasm.
- The capsid is transported to the nuclear pore where viral DNA is released into the nucleus.
- Transcription of immediate early genes which promote transcription of early genes and protect the virus against innate host immunity.
- Transcription of early viral mRNA by host polymerase II, encoding proteins involved in replication of the viral DNA.
- A first round of circular genome amplification occurs by bidirectional replication
- Synthesis of linear concatemer copies of viral DNA by rolling circle.
- Transcription of late mRNAs by host polymerase II, encoding structural proteins.
- Assembly of the virus in nuclear viral factories and budding through the inner lamella of the nuclear membrane which has been modified by the insertion of herpes glycoproteins, throughout the Golgi and final release at the plasma membrane.
Latent replication : replication of circular viral episome in tandem with the host cell DNA using the host cell replication machinery.
Host-virus interaction
Adaptive immune response inhibition
Alpha-herpesviruses have evolved different strategies to inhibit the host adaptive immune response. For example, Herpes simplex protein US12 binds specifically to transporters associated with antigen processing (TAP), blocking peptide-binding to TAP and subsequent loading of peptides onto MHC class I molecules . VZV ORF66 downregulates MHC I expression by impairing the transport of MHC I molecules from the Golgi compartment to the cell surface
Apoptosis modulation
Apoptosis is very often modulated (and usually inhibited) by alpha-herpesviruses. Herpes virus simplex protein US3 activates host protein kinase A/PKA to block apoptosis. Additionally, it also interacts with programmed cell death protein 4 (PDCD4) and retains it in the nucleus thereby inhibiting host apoptosis .
Autophagy modulation
Several alpha-herpesviruses are able to inhibit host cell autophagy process, such as HHV-1 ICP34.5 that interacts with Beclin-1 and stop autophagosomes development .
Cell-cycle modulation
The UL24 protein that is present in all herpesvirus subfamilies (alpha, beta and gamma-herpesviruses) induces a cell cycle arrest at G2/M transition through inactivation of the host cyclinB/cdc2 complex .
Innate immune response inhibition
Herpes viruses inhibit the cascade leading to production of interferon-beta by mainly targeting the host IRF3 protein. Thus, herpes simplex virus or varicella virus possess proteins to prevent IRF3 activation.
Host splicing inhibition
HSV-1 ICP27 is an alternative splicing regulator of host mRNA. This protein is conserved in several herpesviridae genera. It has been shown to act as a splicing silencer at the 3' splice site of the PML intron 7a .
Matching UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries
(all links/actions below point to uniprot.org website)788 entries grouped by strain
90 entries
Gallid herpesvirus 2 (strain Chicken/Md5/ATCC VR-987) (GaHV-2) (Marek's disease herpesvirus type 1) reference strain
75 entries
Equine herpesvirus 1 (strain Ab4p) (EHV-1) (Equine abortion virus) reference strain
73 entries
Human herpesvirus 1 (strain 17) (HHV-1) (Human herpes simplex virus 1) reference strain
72 entries
Human herpesvirus 2 (strain HG52) (HHV-2) (Human herpes simplex virus 2) reference strain
71 entries
Psittacid herpesvirus 1 (isolate Amazon parrot/-/97-0001/1997) (PsHV-1) (Pacheco's disease virus) reference strain
69 entries
Varicella-zoster virus (strain Dumas) (HHV-3) (Human herpesvirus 3) reference strain
1 entry
Varicella-zoster virus (strain Oka vaccine) (HHV-3) (Human herpesvirus 3) reference strain
2 entries
Cercopithecine herpesvirus 9 (strain DHV) (CeHV-9) (Simian varicella virus) reference strain
3 entries
Suid herpesvirus 1 (SuHV-1) (Pseudorabies virus) reference strain
2 entries
Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 (strain E2490) (CeHV-1) (Simian herpes B virus) reference strain
47 entries
Equine herpesvirus 1 (strain V592) (EHV-1) (Equine abortion virus)
45 entries
Varicella-zoster virus (strain Oka vaccine) (HHV-3) (Human herpesvirus 3)
17 entries
Equine herpesvirus 4 (strain 1942) (EHV-4) (Equine rhinopneumonitis virus)
17 entries
Suid herpesvirus 1 (strain Kaplan) (SuHV-1) (Pseudorabies virus (strain Kaplan))
15 entries
Bovine herpesvirus 1.1 (strain Cooper) (BoHV-1) (Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus)
15 entries
Human herpesvirus 1 (strain F) (HHV-1) (Human herpes simplex virus 1)
14 entries
Equine herpesvirus 1 (strain Kentucky A) (EHV-1) (Equine abortion virus)
12 entries
Gallid herpesvirus 2 (strain GA) (GaHV-2) (Marek's disease herpesvirus type 1)
12 entries
Human herpesvirus 1 (strain KOS) (HHV-1) (Human herpes simplex virus 1)
12 entries
Human herpesvirus 2 (strain 333) (HHV-2) (Human herpes simplex virus 2)
8 entries
Bovine herpesvirus 1.2 (strain ST) (BoHV-1) (Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus)
8 entries
Suid herpesvirus 1 (strain NIA-3) (SuHV-1) (Pseudorabies virus (strain NIA-3))
7 entries
Suid herpesvirus 1 (strain Indiana-Funkhauser / Becker) (SuHV-1) (Pseudorabies virus (strain Indiana-Funkhauser / Becker))
6 entries
Equine herpesvirus 1 (strain Kentucky D) (EHV-1) (Equine abortion virus)
6 entries
Human herpesvirus 1 (strain HFEM) (HHV-1) (Human herpes simplex virus 1)
6 entries
Suid herpesvirus 1 (strain Rice) (SuHV-1) (Pseudorabies virus (strain Rice))
3 entries
Cercopithecine herpesvirus 9 (strain DHV) (CeHV-9) (Simian varicella virus)
5 entries
Equine herpesvirus 1 (strain AB1) (EHV-1) (Equine abortion virus)
5 entries
Equine herpesvirus 1 (strain HVS25A) (EHV-1) (Equine abortion virus)
5 entries
Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (strain Thorne V882) (ILTV) (Gallid herpesvirus 1)
4 entries
Bovine herpesvirus 1.1 (strain P8-2) (BoHV-1) (Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus)
4 entries
Gallid herpesvirus 2 (strain RB-1b) (GaHV-2) (Marek's disease herpesvirus type 1)
3 entries
Bovine herpesvirus 2 (strain BMV) (BoHV-2) (Bovine mammillitis virus)
3 entries
Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 (CeHV-1) (Simian herpes B virus)
3 entries
Human herpesvirus 1 (strain Angelotti) (HHV-1) (Human herpes simplex virus 1)
3 entries
Human herpesvirus 1 (strain MP) (HHV-1) (Human herpes simplex virus 1)
3 entries
Human herpesvirus 2 (strain G) (HHV-2) (Human herpes simplex virus 2)
2 entries
Feline herpesvirus 1 (FeHV-1) (Feline viral rhinotracheitis virus)
2 entries
Gallid herpesvirus 2 (strain bc-1) (GaHV-2) (Marek's disease herpesvirus type 1)
2 entries
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (strain SA8) (Simian agent 8)
2 entries
Human herpesvirus 1 (strain Patton) (HHV-1) (Human herpes simplex virus 1)
2 entries
Human herpesvirus 1 (strain SC16) (HHV-1) (Human herpes simplex virus 1)
2 entries
Human herpesvirus 2 (HHV-2) (Human herpes simplex virus 2)
2 entries
Meleagrid herpesvirus 1 (MeHV-1) (Turkey herpesvirus)
2 entries
Meleagrid herpesvirus 1 (strain FC126) (MeHV-1) (Turkey herpesvirus)
2 entries
Meleagrid herpesvirus 1 (strain H2) (MeHV-1) (Turkey herpesvirus)
2 entries
Saimiriine herpesvirus 1 (strain MV-5-4-PSL) (SaHV-1) (Marmoset herpesvirus)
1 entry
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (strain 6660) (BoHV-1) (Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus)
1 entry
Bovine herpesvirus 1.2 (strain K22) (BoHV-1) (Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus)
1 entry
Bovine herpesvirus 1.2 (strain Q3932) (BoHV-1) (Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus)
1 entry
Bovine herpesvirus 2 (strain BHM-1) (BoHV-2) (Bovine mammillitis virus)
1 entry
Bovine herpesvirus 5 (strain N569) (BoHV-5) (Bovine encephalitis herpesvirus)
1 entry
Cercopithecine herpesvirus 16 (CeHV-16) (Herpesvirus papio 2)
1 entry
Equine herpesvirus 1 (strain HH1) (EHV-1) (Equine abortion virus)
1 entry
Gallid herpesvirus 2 (strain MD11/75C/R2) (GaHV-2) (Marek's disease herpesvirus type 1)
1 entry
Herpesvirus ateles type 1 (strain Lennette)
1 entry
Human herpesvirus 1 (HHV-1) (Human herpes simplex virus 1)
1 entry
Human herpesvirus 1 (strain A44) (HHV-1) (Human herpes simplex virus 1)
1 entry
Human herpesvirus 1 (strain CL101) (HHV-1) (Human herpes simplex virus 1)
1 entry
Human herpesvirus 1 (strain CVG-2) (HHV-1) (Human herpes simplex virus 1)
1 entry
Human herpesvirus 1 (strain HZT) (HHV-1) (Human herpes simplex virus 1)
1 entry
Human herpesvirus 1 (strain MGH-10) (HHV-1) (Human herpes simplex virus 1)
1 entry
Human herpesvirus 1 (strain R15) (HHV-1) (Human herpes simplex virus 1)
1 entry
Human herpesvirus 1 (strain R19) (HHV-1) (Human herpes simplex virus 1)
1 entry
Human herpesvirus 2 (strain 186) (HHV-2) (Human herpes simplex virus 2)
1 entry
Human herpesvirus 2 (strain B4327UR) (HHV-2) (Human herpes simplex virus 2)
1 entry
Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (strain 632) (ILTV) (Gallid herpesvirus 1)
1 entry
Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (strain SA-2) (ILTV) (Gallid herpesvirus 1)
1 entry
Suid herpesvirus 1 (strain Indiana S) (SuHV-1) (Pseudorabies virus (strain Indiana S))
Bovine herpesvirus 1 taxid:10320
Bovine herpesvirus 1.1 (strain Cooper) taxid:10323
Bovine herpesvirus 1.1 (strain Jura) taxid:31518
Protein | ModelArchive |
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ICP0 (EC 2.3.2.27) (IER 2.9/ER2.6) (P135 protein) (RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase... | ma-jd-viral-58609 |
Bovine herpesvirus 1.1 (strain P8-2) taxid:10324
Protein | ModelArchive |
Envelope glycoprotein D (gD) (Glycoprotein IV) | ma-jd-viral-07522 |
Bovine herpesvirus type 1.1 taxid:79889
Canid alphaherpesvirus 1 taxid:170325
Cercopithecine alphaherpesvirus 2 taxid:10317
Cercopithecine alphaherpesvirus 9 taxid:35246
Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 taxid:10325
Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 (strain E2490) taxid:260965
Protein | ModelArchive |
ICP47 protein (Immediate-early protein IE12) (Immediate-early-5) (Infected cell protein 47) (US12 protein)... | ma-jd-viral-62159 |
Cercopithecine herpesvirus 16 taxid:340907
Cercopithecine herpesvirus 9 (strain DHV) taxid:36348
Chimpanzee herpesvirus strain 105640 taxid:332937
Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 taxid:10326
Equid alphaherpesvirus 3 taxid:80341
Equid alphaherpesvirus 4 taxid:10331
Equid alphaherpesvirus 8 taxid:39637
Equid alphaherpesvirus 9 taxid:55744
Equine herpesvirus 1 (strain AB1) taxid:10328
Protein | ModelArchive |
Envelope glycoprotein E (gE) | ma-jd-viral-00326 |
Envelope glycoprotein I | ma-jd-viral-06387 |
Packaging protein UL32 homolog (Glycoprotein 300) (GP300) | ma-jd-viral-40921 |
Equine herpesvirus 1 (strain Ab4p) taxid:31520
Equine herpesvirus 1 (strain HH1) taxid:310537
Protein | ModelArchive |
Uncharacterized gene 1 protein | ma-jd-viral-40542 |
Equine herpesvirus 1 (strain HVS25A) taxid:10327
Protein | ModelArchive |
Envelope glycoprotein H (gH) | ma-jd-viral-16908 |
Thymidine kinase (EC 2.7.1.21) | ma-jd-viral-05904 |
Equine herpesvirus 1 (strain Kentucky A) taxid:10329
Equine herpesvirus 1 (strain Kentucky D) taxid:10330
Protein | ModelArchive |
Envelope glycoprotein B (gB) | ma-jd-viral-31223 |
Envelope glycoprotein C (gC) (Glycoprotein 13) | ma-jd-viral-01823 |
Envelope protein UL45 homolog | ma-jd-viral-16456 |
Equine herpesvirus 1 (strain V592) taxid:310273
Equine herpesvirus 4 (strain 1942) taxid:10333
Falconid herpesvirus 1 taxid:1510155
Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 taxid:10390
Gallid alphaherpesvirus 3 taxid:35250
Gallid herpesvirus 2 (strain Chicken/Md5/ATCC VR-987) taxid:10389
Gallid herpesvirus 2 (strain GA) taxid:10388
Protein | ModelArchive |
Envelope glycoprotein L (gL) | ma-jd-viral-09079 |
Virion protein US10 homolog | ma-jd-viral-16121 |
Gallid herpesvirus 2 (strain RB-1b) taxid:33707
Protein | ModelArchive |
Envelope glycoprotein B (gB) | ma-jd-viral-31201 |
Hawaiian green turtle herpesvirus taxid:70564
Human herpesvirus 1 taxid:10298
Human herpesvirus 1 (strain 17) taxid:10299
Human herpesvirus 1 (strain MP) taxid:10307
Protein | ModelArchive |
Envelope glycoprotein K (Syncytial protein) | ma-jd-viral-49381 |
Human herpesvirus 1 (strain R15) taxid:36345
Protein | ModelArchive |
Envelope glycoprotein K (Syncytial protein) | ma-jd-viral-49381 |
Human herpesvirus 2 taxid:10310
Human herpesvirus 2 (strain 333) taxid:10313
Human herpesvirus 2 (strain G) taxid:10314
Protein | ModelArchive |
Virion host shutoff protein (Vhs) (EC 3.1.27.-) | ma-jd-viral-22425 |
Human herpesvirus 2 (strain HG52) taxid:10315
Human herpesvirus 3 taxid:10335
Infectious laryngotracheitis virus taxid:10386
Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (strain Thorne V882) taxid:10344
Leporid alphaherpesvirus 4 taxid:481315
Macropodid alphaherpesvirus 1 taxid:137443
Meleagrid herpesvirus 1 taxid:37108
Psittacid herpesvirus 1 (isolate Amazon parrot/-/97-0001/1997) taxid:670426
Pteropodid alphaherpesvirus 1 taxid:1343901
Suid herpesvirus 1 taxid:10345
Suid herpesvirus 1 (strain Indiana-Funkhauser / Becker) taxid:31523
Protein | ModelArchive |
Envelope glycoprotein B (gB) | ma-jd-viral-31207 |
Tripartite terminase subunit 1 | ma-jd-viral-61489 |
Suid herpesvirus 1 (strain Kaplan) taxid:33703
Suid herpesvirus 1 (strain NIA-3) taxid:10349
Protein | ModelArchive |
Protein US2 homolog (28 kDa protein) | ma-jd-viral-21068 |
Serine/threonine-protein kinase UL13 (EC 2.7.11.1) | ma-jd-viral-24774 |
Tegument protein UL14 | ma-jd-viral-14631 |
Suid herpesvirus 1 (strain Rice) taxid:10350
Protein | ModelArchive |
Envelope glycoprotein G (gG) | ma-jd-viral-64437 |