Varicellovirus (taxid:10319)
VIRION
Enveloped, spherical to pleomorphic, 150-200 nm in diameter, T=16 icosahedral symmetry. Capsid consists of 162 capsomers and is surrounded by an amorphous tegument. Glycoproteins complexes are embedded in the lipid envelope.
GENOME
Monopartite, linear, dsDNA genome of about 125 kb. The genome contains terminal and internal reiterated sequences.
GENE EXPRESSION
Each viral transcript usually encodes a single protein and has a promoter/regulatory sequence, a TATA box, a transcription initiation site, a 5' leader sequence of 30-300 bp (not translated), a 3' non-translated sequence of 10-30 bp, and a poly A signal. There are many gene overlaps. There are only few spliced genes. Some of the expressed ORFs are antisense to each other. Some ORFs can be accessed from more than one promoter.
Transcription occurs in three steps: immediate-early, early and late. The immediate-early genes are transcribed immediately after infection and ensure the transcription of early genes, which encode the proteins necessary for the viral replication. The late genes mostly encode structural proteins.
ENZYMES
- DNA-dependent DNA polymerase [ORF28F]
- DNA primase [ORF6]
- Tegument deneddylase (Peptidase C76) [ORF22]
- Assemblin (Peptidase S21) [33]
- Kinase [ORF47, 66, ORF52]
- Helicase [ORF51, ORF52, ORF55]
- Endonuclease [17, ORF48]
- Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase [ORF19]
- Thymidine kinase [TK]
- Thymidylate synthase [ORF13, ORF18]
- Deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase [ORF8]
- Uracil-DNA glycosylase [ORF59]
- Ubiquitin ligase [61]
REPLICATION
NUCLEAR
Lytic replication:
- Attachment of the viral glycoproteins to host receptors mediates endocytosis of the virus into the host cell.
- Fusion with the plasma membrane to release the core and the tegument proteins into the host cytoplasm.
- The capsid is transported to the nuclear pore where the viral DNA is released into the nucleus.
- Transcription of immediate early genes which promote transcription of early genes and protect the virus against innate host immunity.
- Transcription of early viral mRNA by host polymerase II, encoding proteins involved in replication of the viral DNA.
- A first round of circular genome amplification occurs by bidirectional replication
- Synthesis of linear concatemer copies of viral DNA by rolling circle.
- Transcription of late mRNAs by host polymerase II, encoding structural proteins.
- Assembly of the virus in nuclear viral factories and budding through the inner lamella of the nuclear membrane which has been modified by the insertion of herpes glycoproteins, throughout the Golgi and final release at the plasma membrane.
Latent replication : replication of circular viral episome in tandem with the host cell DNA using the host cell replication machinery.
Host-virus interaction
Innate immune response inhibition
Varicella virus inhibits the cascade leading to production of interferon-beta by targeting host IRF3 protein. Several viral proteins including ORF61, ORF47 and IE62 prevent IRF3 activation and subsequent induction of IFN-beta expression 
.
Adaptive immune response inhibition
Infected cells show a decrease in MHC class I peptide presentation at the cell surface. Although the mechanism is not fully understood, the ORF66 participates in this process .
Autophagy modulation
Varicella virus does not seem to modulate autophagy that occur in infected cells .
Host shut-off
Varicella-zoster virus IE63 protein represses the basal transcription machinery by disorganizing the pre-initiation complex.
Cell-cycle modulation
The HHV-1 UL24 homolog may inhibit the host cell cycle at the G2/M transition since UL24 from alpha-, beta-, and gammaherpesvirus all inhibit host cell cycle through inactivation of the cyclinB/cdc2 complex .
Apoptosis modulation
The viral protein ORF12 protein triggers phosphorylation of host ERK1/2 and inhibits apoptosis. In neurons, ORF63 also participates in the inhibition of apoptosis .
Host splicing inhibition
VZV IE4 is an alternative splicing regulator of host mRNA. It may act by binding with SR proteins .
Matching UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries
(all links/actions below point to uniprot.org website)365 entries grouped by protein
4 entries
Alkaline nuclease (EC 3.1.-.-)
3 entries
Cytoplasmic envelopment protein 1
3 entries
Cytoplasmic envelopment protein 2
4 entries
Cytoplasmic envelopment protein 3
2 entries
Capsid vertex component 1
3 entries
Capsid vertex component 2
5 entries
Major DNA-binding protein
4 entries
DNA polymerase catalytic subunit (EC 2.7.7.7) (EC 3.1.26.4)
5 entries
Deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase) (EC 3.6.1.23) (dUTP pyrophosphatase)
3 entries
Envelope protein UL45 homolog
11 entries
Envelope glycoprotein B (gB)
6 entries
Envelope glycoprotein C (gC) (Glycoprotein 13)
8 entries
Envelope glycoprotein D (gD) (Glycoprotein 17/18)
8 entries
Envelope glycoprotein E (gE)
5 entries
Envelope glycoprotein G (gG)
10 entries
Envelope glycoprotein H (gH)
8 entries
Envelope glycoprotein I
5 entries
Envelope glycoprotein K (Syncytial protein)
6 entries
Envelope glycoprotein L (gL)
5 entries
Envelope glycoprotein M (gM)
6 entries
Envelope glycoprotein N
3 entries
Glycoprotein gp2 (Glycoprotein X) (GpX)
4 entries
DNA replication helicase (EC 3.6.4.-)
5 entries
DNA helicase/primase complex-associated protein (HEPA) (Primase-associated factor)
5 entries
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ICP0 (EC 2.3.2.27) (IER 2.9/ER2.6) (P135 protein) (RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase ICP0)
5 entries
Transcriptional regulator ICP22 homolog (IR4 protein) (Immediate-early protein IE68) (In vitro host-range factor) (ORF S1-2)
5 entries
mRNA export factor ICP27 homolog (Transcriptional regulator IE63 homolog)
7 entries
Major viral transcription factor (155 kDa immediate-early protein)
2 entries
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase IE61 (EC 2.3.2.27) (Immediate-early protein 61) (IE61)
3 entries
Inner tegument protein
10 entries
Thymidine kinase (EC 2.7.1.21)
2 entries
Serine/threonine-protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.1)
3 entries
Large tegument protein deneddylase (EC 3.4.19.12) (EC 3.4.22.-)
4 entries
Membrane protein UL43 homolog (Membrane protein ORF15)
4 entries
Major capsid protein (MCP)
2 entries
Nuclear egress protein 1
3 entries
Nuclear egress protein 2
4 entries
Nuclear phosphoprotein UL3 homolog (ORF58 protein)
4 entries
Nuclear protein UL4 homolog
5 entries
Replication origin-binding protein (OBP) (OriBP)
2 entries
Membrane protein 0 (Membrane ORF0 protein) (ORF S/L)
2 entries
Structural protein 1 (Structural ORF1 protein)
2 entries
Membrane protein 2 (Membrane ORF2 protein)
2 entries
Phosphoprotein 32 (ORF32 Phosphoprotein)
2 entries
Uncharacterized protein 57 (Uncharacterized ORF57 protein)
5 entries
DNA polymerase processivity factor (DNA-binding gene 16 protein) (Polymerase accessory protein) (PAP)
3 entries
Portal protein
5 entries
DNA primase (EC 2.7.7.-)
6 entries
Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase large subunit (R1) (EC 1.17.4.1) (Ribonucleotide reductase large subunit)
6 entries
Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase small subunit (EC 1.17.4.1) (Ribonucleotide reductase small subunit)
5 entries
Capsid scaffolding protein (Capsid protein P40) (Protease precursor) (pPR) (Virion structural gene 35 protein)
3 entries
Small capsomere-interacting protein
4 entries
Virion host shutoff protein (Vhs) (EC 3.1.27.-)
5 entries
Tegument protein UL46 homolog (Tegument protein VP11/12 homolog)
5 entries
Tegument protein UL14 homolog
5 entries
Tegument protein UL21 homolog
7 entries
Tegument protein UL47 homolog (GP10)
4 entries
Tegument protein UL55 homolog
5 entries
Tegument protein UL51 homolog
5 entries
Tripartite terminase subunit 1
2 entries
Tripartite terminase subunit 2
3 entries
Tripartite terminase subunit 3 (EC 3.1.-.-) (Terminase large subunit)
3 entries
Triplex capsid protein 1
2 entries
Triplex capsid protein 2
2 entries
Thymidylate synthase (TS) (TSase) (EC 2.1.1.45)
5 entries
Serine/threonine-protein kinase UL13 homolog (EC 2.7.11.1)
4 entries
Protein UL20 homolog
6 entries
Protein UL24 homolog
3 entries
Packaging protein UL32
7 entries
Uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG) (EC 3.2.2.27) (UNG)
4 entries
Gene 68 protein
6 entries
Serine/threonine-protein kinase US3 homolog (EC 2.7.11.1)
5 entries
Virion protein US10 homolog (Gene 66 protein)
9 entries
Envelope protein US9 homolog (Envelope protein 76) (ORF76 protein)
3 entries
Uncharacterized gene 1 protein
1 entry
Uncharacterized gene 2 protein
3 entries
Gene 3 protein
1 entry
Gene 34 protein
2 entries
Uncharacterized gene 59 protein
2 entries
Uncharacterized gene 67 protein (IR6 protein)
2 entries
Uncharacterized gene 75 protein
1 entry
Glycoprotein GX
1 entry
Probable nuclear antigen
5 entries
Tegument protein VP16 homolog (Alpha trans-inducing protein) (Alpha-TIF)
5 entries
Tegument protein VP22 (Gene 11 protein)
1 entry
Uncharacterized 16.1 kDa protein (ORF1)
Bovine herpesvirus 1 taxid:10320
Bovine herpesvirus 1.1 (strain Cooper) taxid:10323
Bovine herpesvirus 1.1 (strain Jura) taxid:31518
| Protein | ModelArchive |
| E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ICP0 (EC 2.3.2.27) (IER 2.9/ER2.6) (P135 protein) (RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase... | ma-jd-viral-58609 |
Bovine herpesvirus 1.1 (strain P8-2) taxid:10324
| Protein | ModelArchive |
| Envelope glycoprotein D (gD) (Glycoprotein IV) | ma-jd-viral-07522 |
Bovine herpesvirus type 1.1 taxid:79889
Canid alphaherpesvirus 1 taxid:170325
Cercopithecine alphaherpesvirus 9 taxid:35246
Cercopithecine herpesvirus 9 (strain DHV) taxid:36348
Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 taxid:10326
Equid alphaherpesvirus 3 taxid:80341
Equid alphaherpesvirus 4 taxid:10331
Equid alphaherpesvirus 8 taxid:39637
Equid alphaherpesvirus 9 taxid:55744
Equine herpesvirus 1 (strain AB1) taxid:10328
| Protein | ModelArchive |
| Envelope glycoprotein E (gE) | ma-jd-viral-00326 |
| Envelope glycoprotein I | ma-jd-viral-06387 |
| Packaging protein UL32 homolog (Glycoprotein 300) (GP300) | ma-jd-viral-40921 |
Equine herpesvirus 1 (strain Ab4p) taxid:31520
Equine herpesvirus 1 (strain HH1) taxid:310537
| Protein | ModelArchive |
| Uncharacterized gene 1 protein | ma-jd-viral-40542 |
Equine herpesvirus 1 (strain HVS25A) taxid:10327
| Protein | ModelArchive |
| Envelope glycoprotein H (gH) | ma-jd-viral-16908 |
| Thymidine kinase (EC 2.7.1.21) | ma-jd-viral-05904 |
Equine herpesvirus 1 (strain Kentucky A) taxid:10329
Equine herpesvirus 1 (strain Kentucky D) taxid:10330
| Protein | ModelArchive |
| Envelope glycoprotein B (gB) | ma-jd-viral-31223 |
| Envelope glycoprotein C (gC) (Glycoprotein 13) | ma-jd-viral-01823 |
| Envelope protein UL45 homolog | ma-jd-viral-16456 |
Equine herpesvirus 1 (strain V592) taxid:310273
Equine herpesvirus 4 (strain 1942) taxid:10333
Human herpesvirus 3 taxid:10335
Suid herpesvirus 1 taxid:10345
Suid herpesvirus 1 (strain Indiana-Funkhauser / Becker) taxid:31523
| Protein | ModelArchive |
| Envelope glycoprotein B (gB) | ma-jd-viral-31207 |
| Tripartite terminase subunit 1 | ma-jd-viral-61489 |
Suid herpesvirus 1 (strain Kaplan) taxid:33703
Suid herpesvirus 1 (strain NIA-3) taxid:10349
| Protein | ModelArchive |
| Protein US2 homolog (28 kDa protein) | ma-jd-viral-21068 |
| Serine/threonine-protein kinase UL13 (EC 2.7.11.1) | ma-jd-viral-24774 |
| Tegument protein UL14 | ma-jd-viral-14631 |
Suid herpesvirus 1 (strain Rice) taxid:10350
| Protein | ModelArchive |
| Envelope glycoprotein G (gG) | ma-jd-viral-64437 |