Degradation of host cell envelope components during virus entry

At the onset of the infective process, bacterial viruses are usually confronted with the penetration of a complex host cell envelope. Gram-negative bacterial envelope usually comprises a cell membrane, a thin periplasmic peptidoglcan cell wall covered with an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides (LPS). By contrast, Gram-positive bacterial envelope lacks the outer membrane, but has a much thicker peptidoglycan layer containing cell-wall glycopolymers. Moreover, these cell-envelope structures can be surrounded by other protective structures such as capsular polysaccharides (e.g. α2,8-linked polysialic acid (PSA), Hyaluronic acid (HA)), S-layer proteins or mucolic acids.

Bacterial viruses must be equipped to be able to penetrate through all these layers. Virions carry the necessary enzymatic activities to perforate the capsule, slime and peptidoglycan layers of their specific host. LPS-binding virions usually degrade these polysaccharides chains after attachment.

capsule LPS PG

Virus Family Host bacteria Surface component type Phage degrading enzyme ref.
Phage φ92 Myoviridae E.coli (K1, K5, K92), Salmonella strains PSA, capsular Endosialidase gp143
Phage K1A Podoviridae Escherichia coli PSA, capsular Endosialidase
Phage K1E Podoviridae Escherichia coli PSA, capsular Endosialidase
Phage K1F Podoviridae Escherichia coli PSA, capsular Endosialidase
Phage 63D Siphoviridae - PSA, capsular Endosialidase
Phage K1-5 Podoviridae Escherichia coli PSA, capsular Endosialidase
Phage CUS-3 Podoviridae Escherichia coli PSA, capsular Endosialidase
Phage PT-6 unclassified Pseudomonas aeruginosa Alginate, capsular Alginate lyase
Phage H4489A unclassified Streptococcus pyogenes HA, capsular Hyaluronidase
Phage 370.1 Siphoviridae Streptococcus pyogenes HA, capsular HylP1, HylP2, HylP3
Phage H10403 unclassified Streptococcus pyogenes HA, capsular Hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Phage AF Podoviridae Pseudomonas putida EPS, capsular EPS hydrolase
Phage P27 - Salmonella typhimurium LPS Endorhamnosidase
Phage 9NA - Salmonella typhimurium LPS Endorhamnosidase
Phage KB-1 - Salmonella typhimurium LPS Endorhamnosidase
Phage Det7 Myoviridae Salmonella typhimurium LPS Endorhamnosidase
Phage Sf6 Podoviridae Shigella flexneri LPS Endorhamnosidase
Phage ε15 Podoviridae LPS Endorhamnosidase
Phage HK620 Podoviridae Escherichia coli H LPS Tail spike endo-N-acetylglucosaminidase
Phage GA-1 Podoviridae Bacillus G1R Peptidoglycan gp3
Phage SPβ Siphoviridae Bacillus subtilis Peptidoglycan YomI
Phage SPO1 Myoviridae Bacillus subtilis Peptidoglycan -
Phage SPP1 Siphoviridae Bacillus subtilis Peptidoglycan -
Phage M2 Podoviridae Bacillus subtilis Peptidoglycan gp3
Phage φ29 Podoviridae Bacillus subtilis Peptidoglycan gp3
Phage PRD1 Tectiviridae Escherichia coli Peptidoglycan p7
Phage T3 Podoviridae Escherichia coli Peptidoglycan gp16
Phage K1-5 Podoviridae Escherichia coli Peptidoglycan orf35
PSA, capsular Endosialidase
Phage N4 Podoviridae Escherichia coli Peptidoglycan -
Phage T4 Podoviridae Escherichia coli Peptidoglycan gp5
Phage T5 Siphoviridae Escherichia coli Peptidoglycan Pb2
Phage C1 Podoviridae Escherichia coli Peptidoglycan -
Phage φ949 - Lactococcus lactis Peptidoglycan -
Phage φ31 Siphoviridae Lactococcus lactis Peptidoglycan -
Phage φc2 Myoviridae Lactococcus lactis Peptidoglycan -
Phage φr1t - Lactococcus lactis Peptidoglycan -
Phage φ6 Cystoviridae Pseudomonas syringae Peptidoglycan P5
Phage φ13 Cystoviridae Pseudomonas syringae Peptidoglycan -
Phage SP6 Podoviridae Salmonella typhimurium Peptidoglycan orf35
Phage P22 Podoviridae Salmonella typhimurium Peptidoglycan gp4
LPS Endorhamnosidase
Phage φYeO3-12 Podoviridae Yersinia enterocolitica Peptidoglycan gp16
Phage φKMV Podoviridae Pseudomonas aeruginosa Peptidoglycan gp36
Phage φKZ Myoviridae Pseudomonas aeruginosa Peptidoglycan gp181
Phage T7 Podoviridae Escherichia coli Peptidoglycan gp16
Viral molecular biology Virion
Virus entry
Virus latency
Transcription and replication
Host-virus interactions
Virus exit
Host envelope degradation Capsule degradation
Lipopolysaccharides degradation
Peptidoglycans degradation
Links Uniprot Keyword:KW-1235
GO ontology:GO:0098994

Matching UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries

(all links/actions below point to uniprot.org website)

28 entries grouped by protein

9 entries

Peptidoglycan hydrolase P7 (Protein VII)

Select_allDeselect_all
EXLYS_BPAPS
Acyrthosiphon pisum secondary endosymbiont phage 1 (Bacteriophage APSE-1) reference strain

Peptidoglycan hydrolase gp27 (Gene product 27) (Gp27) (Internal virion protein gp27)

EXLYS_BPDPK
Pseudomonas phage phiKZ reference strain

Peptidoglycan hydrolase gp181 (Gene product 181) (Gp181)

EXLYS_BPKMV
Pseudomonas phage phiKMV reference strain

Peptidoglycan hydrolase gp36 (EC 3.2.1.17) (Gene product 36) (Gp36)

EXLYS_BPP22
Salmonella phage P22 (Bacteriophage P22) reference strain

Peptidoglycan hydrolase gp4 (Gene product 4) (Gp4) (Internal virion protein gp4) (Tail adapter protein gp4)

pdb 4V4K; 5GAI

EXLYS_BPPH6
Pseudomonas phage phi6 (Bacteriophage phi-6) reference strain

Peptidoglycan hydrolase gp5 (Gene product 5) (Gp5)

EXLYS_BPPM2
Pseudoalteromonas phage PM2 (Bacteriophage PM2) reference strain
EXLYS_BPPRD
Enterobacteria phage PRD1 (Bacteriophage PRD1) reference strain

Transglycosylase (EC 4.2.2.n1) (Protein P7)

EXLYS_BPSP6
Enterobacteria phage SP6 (Bacteriophage SP6) reference strain

Peptidoglycan hydrolase gp36 (Gene product 36) (Gp36)

EXLYS_BPT7
Escherichia phage T7 (Bacteriophage T7) reference strain

Peptidoglycan transglycosylase gp16 (EC 4.2.2.n1) (Internal core protein gp16)

pdb 6YT5; 7EYB; 7K5C

3 entries

Pre-neck appendage protein (Gene product 12) (gp12) (Late protein GP12) (NP1) (Protein p12)

Select_allDeselect_all
FIB12_BPPH2
Bacillus phage phi29 (Bacteriophage phi-29) reference strain

Pre-neck appendage protein (Gene product 12) (gp12) (NP1) (Protein p12)

pdb 3GQ7; 3GQ8; 3GQ9; 3GQA; 3GQH; 3GQK; 3SUC; 6QZ9; 6QZF

FIB12_BPB03
Bacillus phage B103 (Bacteriophage B103)
FIB12_BPPZA
Bacillus phage PZA (Bacteriophage PZA)

Preneck appendage protein (Gene product 12) (gp12) (Protein p12)

5 entries

Tail spike protein (TSP) (Endo-1,3-alpha-L-rhamnosidase) (EC 3.2.1.-) (Endorhamnosidase)

Select_allDeselect_all
FIBER_BPE15
Salmonella phage epsilon15 reference strain

Tail spike protein (TSP) (Endorhamnosidase) (EC 3.2.1.-) (Gene product 20) (gp20)

FIBER_BPK1F
Escherichia phage K1F (Bacteriophage K1F) reference strain

Tail spike protein (TSP) (Endo-N-acetylneuraminidase) (Endo-N) (EC 3.2.1.129) (Endo-alpha-sialidase) (EndoNF) (G102)

pdb 1V0E; 1V0F; 3GVJ; 3GVK; 3GVL; 3GW6; 3JU4

FIBER_BPP22
Salmonella phage P22 (Bacteriophage P22) reference strain

Tail spike protein (TSP) (Endo-1,3-alpha-L-rhamnosidase) (EC 3.2.1.-) (Endorhamnosidase) (Gene product 9) (gp9)

pdb 1CLW; 1LKT; 1QA1; 1QA2; 1QA3; 1QQ1; 1QRB; 1QRC; 1TSP; 1TYU; 1TYV; 1TYW; 1TYX; 2VFM; 2VFN; 2VFO; 2VFP; 2VFQ; 2VKY; 2VNL; 2XC1; 3TH0; 5GAI

FIBER_BPK1E
Escherichia phage K1E (Bacteriophage K1E)

Tail spike protein (TSP) (Endo-N-acetylneuraminidase) (Endo-N) (EC 3.2.1.129) (Endo-alpha-sialidase) (EndoNE)

FIBER_BPSFV
Shigella phage Sf6 (Shigella flexneri bacteriophage VI) (Bacteriophage SfVI)

pdb 2VBE; 2VBK; 2VBM; 4URR

2 entries

Morphogenesis protein 1 (Gene product 13) (gp13) (Protein p13)

Select_allDeselect_all
GP13_BPPH2
Bacillus phage phi29 (Bacteriophage phi-29) reference strain

pdb 3CSQ; 3CSR; 3CSZ; 3CT0; 3CT1; 3CT5

GP13_BPPZA
Bacillus phage PZA (Bacteriophage PZA)

1 entry

Hyaluronoglucosaminidase (Hyaluronidase) (EC 3.2.1.35)

HYLP1_BPH44
Streptococcus pyogenes phage H4489A

pdb 6WV2; 6WWX; 6WXA; 6X3M

1 entry

Hyaluronoglucosaminidase (Hyaluronidase) (EC 3.2.1.35)

HYLP2_BPH45
Streptococcus pyogenes phage H10403

1 entry

Pre-baseplate central spike protein Gp5 (Pre-Gp5) (Peptidoglycan hydrolase gp5) (EC 3.2.1.17)

NEEDL_BPT4
Enterobacteria phage T4 (Bacteriophage T4) reference strain

pdb 1K28; 1PDL; 1WTH; 2Z6B; 3A1M; 4JIV; 4JIW; 4JJ2; 4KU0; 4OSD; 5IV5; 6P1Z; 6P20; 6P22; 6P2A; 6XC0; 6XC1; 7CN7

4 entries

DNA terminal protein (Gene product 3) (gp3) (Protein p3)

Select_allDeselect_all
TERM_BPPH2
Bacillus phage phi29 (Bacteriophage phi-29) reference strain

Primer terminal protein (TP) (DNA terminal protein) (Gene product 3) (gp3) (Protein p3) (Terminal protein)

pdb 2EX3

TERM_BPB03
Bacillus phage B103 (Bacteriophage B103)
TERM_BPNF
Bacillus phage Nf (Bacteriophage Nf)
TERM_BPPZA
Bacillus phage PZA (Bacteriophage PZA)

2 entries

Probable tape measure protein (TMP) (Transglycosylase) (EC 4.2.2.n1)

Select_allDeselect_all
TMP_BPSPB
Bacillus phage SPbeta (Bacillus phage SPBc2) (Bacteriophage SP-beta) reference strain
TMP_BPT5
Escherichia phage T5 (Enterobacteria phage T5) reference strain

Tape measure protein pb2 (TMP-pb2) (Pore-forming protein pb2) (Tail protein pb2)