Degradation of host cell envelope components during virus entry (kw:KW-1235)

At the onset of the infective process, bacterial viruses are usually confronted with the penetration of a complex host cell envelope. Gram-negative bacterial envelope usually comprises a cell membrane, a thin periplasmic peptidoglcan cell wall covered with an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides (LPS). By contrast, Gram-positive bacterial envelope lacks the outer membrane, but has a much thicker peptidoglycan layer containing cell-wall glycopolymers. Moreover, these cell-envelope structures can be surrounded by other protective structures such as capsular polysaccharides (e.g. α2,8-linked polysialic acid (PSA), Hyaluronic acid (HA)), S-layer proteins or mucolic acids.

Bacterial viruses must be equipped to be able to penetrate through all these layers. Virions carry the necessary enzymatic activities to perforate the capsule, slime and peptidoglycan layers of their specific host. LPS-binding virions usually degrade these polysaccharides chains after attachment.

Virus	Family	Host bacteria	Surface component type	Phage degrading enzyme	ref.
Phage φ92	Myoviridae	E.coli (K1, K5, K92), Salmonella strains	PSA, capsular	Endosialidase gp143
Phage K1A	Podoviridae	Escherichia coli	PSA, capsular	Endosialidase
Phage K1E	Podoviridae	Escherichia coli	PSA, capsular	Endosialidase
Phage K1F	Podoviridae	Escherichia coli	PSA, capsular	Endosialidase
Phage 63D	Siphoviridae	-	PSA, capsular	Endosialidase
Phage K1-5	Podoviridae	Escherichia coli	PSA, capsular	Endosialidase
Phage CUS-3	Podoviridae	Escherichia coli	PSA, capsular	Endosialidase
Phage PT-6	unclassified	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Alginate, capsular	Alginate lyase
Phage H4489A	unclassified	Streptococcus pyogenes	HA, capsular	Hyaluronidase
Phage 370.1	Siphoviridae	Streptococcus pyogenes	HA, capsular	HylP1, HylP2, HylP3
Phage H10403	unclassified	Streptococcus pyogenes	HA, capsular	Hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Phage AF	Podoviridae	Pseudomonas putida	EPS, capsular	EPS hydrolase
Phage P27	-	Salmonella typhimurium	LPS	Endorhamnosidase
Phage 9NA	-	Salmonella typhimurium	LPS	Endorhamnosidase
Phage KB-1	-	Salmonella typhimurium	LPS	Endorhamnosidase
Phage Det7	Myoviridae	Salmonella typhimurium	LPS	Endorhamnosidase
Phage Sf6	Podoviridae	Shigella flexneri	LPS	Endorhamnosidase
Phage ε15	Podoviridae		LPS	Endorhamnosidase
Phage HK620	Podoviridae	Escherichia coli H	LPS	Tail spike endo-N-acetylglucosaminidase
Phage GA-1	Podoviridae	Bacillus G1R	Peptidoglycan	gp3
Phage SPβ	Siphoviridae	Bacillus subtilis	Peptidoglycan	YomI
Phage SPO1	Myoviridae	Bacillus subtilis	Peptidoglycan	-
Phage SPP1	Siphoviridae	Bacillus subtilis	Peptidoglycan	-
Phage M2	Podoviridae	Bacillus subtilis	Peptidoglycan	gp3
Phage φ29	Podoviridae	Bacillus subtilis	Peptidoglycan	gp3
Phage PRD1	Tectiviridae	Escherichia coli	Peptidoglycan	p7
Phage T3	Podoviridae	Escherichia coli	Peptidoglycan	gp16
Phage K1-5	Podoviridae	Escherichia coli	Peptidoglycan	orf35
			PSA, capsular	Endosialidase
Phage N4	Podoviridae	Escherichia coli	Peptidoglycan	-
Phage T4	Podoviridae	Escherichia coli	Peptidoglycan	gp5
Phage T5	Siphoviridae	Escherichia coli	Peptidoglycan	Pb2
Phage C1	Podoviridae	Escherichia coli	Peptidoglycan	-
Phage φ949	-	Lactococcus lactis	Peptidoglycan	-
Phage φ31	Siphoviridae	Lactococcus lactis	Peptidoglycan	-
Phage φc2	Myoviridae	Lactococcus lactis	Peptidoglycan	-
Phage φr1t	-	Lactococcus lactis	Peptidoglycan	-
Phage φ6	Cystoviridae	Pseudomonas syringae	Peptidoglycan	P5
Phage φ13	Cystoviridae	Pseudomonas syringae	Peptidoglycan	-
Phage SP6	Podoviridae	Salmonella typhimurium	Peptidoglycan	orf35
Phage P22	Podoviridae	Salmonella typhimurium	Peptidoglycan	gp4
			LPS	Endorhamnosidase
Phage φYeO3-12	Podoviridae	Yersinia enterocolitica	Peptidoglycan	gp16
Phage φKMV	Podoviridae	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Peptidoglycan	gp36
Phage φKZ	Myoviridae	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Peptidoglycan	gp181
Phage T7	Podoviridae	Escherichia coli	Peptidoglycan	gp16

Matching UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries

(all links/actions below point to uniprot.org website)

64 entries grouped by protein

reorder by strain

13 entries

Depolymerase, capsule K1-specific (EC 4.-.-.-) (Dep_kpv71) (Gene product 52) (gp52) (Probable tail spike protein)

DEPOL_BPK34

Klebsiella phage KP34 (Bacteriophage KP34) reference strain

Depolymerase, capsule K63-specific (DepoKP34) (Gene product 57) (gp57) (KP34gp57) (Probable tail spike protein)

8BKE

DEPOL_BPK36

Klebsiella phage KP36 (Bacteriophage KP36) reference strain

Depolymerase, capsule K63-specific (DepoKP36) (Gene product 50) (gp50) (KP36gp50) (Tail spike protein)

DEPOL_BPK41

Klebsiella phage KN4-1 (Bacteriophage KN4-1) reference strain

Depolymerase, capsule KN4-specific (KN4dep) (Probable tail spike protein)

DEPOL_BPK51

Klebsiella phage P510 (Bacteriophage P510) reference strain

Depolymerase, capsule KL64-specific (Gene product 38) (gp38) (P510dep) (Probable tail spike protein)

DEPOL_BPK56

Klebsiella phage P560 (Bacteriophage P560) reference strain

Depolymerase, capsule KL47-specific (P560Dep) (Probable tail spike protein)

DEPOL_BPKNT

Klebsiella phage NTUH-K2044-K1-1 (Bacteriophage NTUH-K2044-K1-1) reference strain

Depolymerase, capsule K1-specific (EC 4.-.-.-) (Gene product 34) (gp34) (K1-ORF34 protein) (Probable tail spike protein)

7W1C; 7W1D; 7W1E

DEPOL_BPK05

Klebsiella phage 0507-KN2-1 (Taipeivirus 0507KN21)

Probable tail spike protein (Depolymerase, capsule KN2-specific)

DEPOL_BPK15

Klebsiella phage SH-KP152226 (Bacteriophage SH-KP152226)

Depolymerase, capsule K47-specific (Dep42) (Gene product 42) (gp42) (Probable tail spike protein)

DEPOL_BPK71

Klebsiella phage KpV71 (Bacteriophage KpV71)

DEPOL_BPK74

Klebsiella phage vB_KpnP_KpV74 (Bacteriophage vB_KpnP_KpV74)

Depolymerase, capsule K2-specific (Dep_kpv74) (Gene product 56) (gp56) (Probable tail spike protein)

DEPOL_BPKB1

Klebsiella phage B1 (Bacteriophage B1)

Depolymerase, capsule K2-specific (DepoB1) (B1dep) (Tail spike protein)

DEPOL_BPKN1

Klebsiella phage KN1-1 (Bacteriophage KN1-1)

Depolymerase, capsule KN1-specific (KN1dep) (Probable tail spike protein)

DEPOL_BPKRA

Klebsiella phage RAD2 (Bacteriophage RAD2)

Depolymerase, capsule K2-specific (DpK2) (Gene product 2) (gp2) (Tail spike protein)

7LZJ

1 entry

Depolymerase, capsule K11-specific (Probable tail fiber protein)

1 entry

Depolymerase, capsule KN4-specific (Probable tail spike protein)

1 entry

Depolymerase, capsule K21-specific (Probable tail spike protein)

1 entry

Depolymerase, capsule KN5-specific (Probable tail fiber protein)

1 entry

Depolymerase, capsule K25-specific (Probable tail fiber protein)

1 entry

Probable tail spike protein (Depolymerase, capsule K35-specific)

1 entry

Depolymerase, capsule K1-specific (Probable tail fiber protein)

1 entry

Depolymerase, capsule K64-specific (Probable tail fiber protein)

1 entry

Depolymerase, capsule K30/K69-specific (Probable tail spike protein)

5 entries

Depolymerase 1, capsule K3-specific (Gene product 37) (gp37) (KP32gp37) (Probable tail spike protein)

DPOL1_BPK31

Klebsiella phage KN3-1 (Bacteriophage KN3-1) reference strain

Depolymerase 1, capsule KN3-specific (KN3dep) (Probable tail spike protein)

DPOL1_BPK32

Klebsiella phage KP32 (Bacteriophage KP32) reference strain

DPOL1_BPK52

Klebsiella phage K5-2 (Bacteriophage K5-2) reference strain

Depolymerase 1, capsule K30/K69-specific (Gene product 37) (gp37) (K30/K69 depolymerase) (Probable tail spike protein)

DPOL1_BPKIM

Klebsiella phage vB_KpnP_IME205 (Bacteriophage vB_KpnP_IME205) reference strain

Depolymerase 1, capsule K47-specific (Dpo42) (Gene product 42) (gp42) (Probable tail spike protein)

DPOL1_BPK54

Klebsiella phage K5-4 (Bacteriophage K5-4)

Depolymerase 1, capsule K8-specific (Gene product 37) (gp37) (Probable tail spike protein)

5 entries

Depolymerase 2, capsule K5-specific (Gene product 38) (gp38) (K5 depolymerase) (Probable tail spike protein)

DPOL2_BPK31

Klebsiella phage KN3-1 (Bacteriophage KN3-1) reference strain

Depolymerase 2, capsule K56-specific (K56dep) (Probable tail spike protein)

DPOL2_BPK32

Klebsiella phage KP32 (Bacteriophage KP32) reference strain

Depolymerase 2, capsule K21-specific (Gene product 38) (gp38) (KP32gp38) (Probable tail spike protein)

6TKU

DPOL2_BPK52

Klebsiella phage K5-2 (Bacteriophage K5-2) reference strain

DPOL2_BPKIM

Klebsiella phage vB_KpnP_IME205 (Bacteriophage vB_KpnP_IME205) reference strain

Depolymerase 1, capsule K47-specific (Dpo43) (Gene product 43) (gp43) (Probable tail spike protein)

DPOL2_BPK54

Klebsiella phage K5-4 (Bacteriophage K5-4)

10 entries

Exolysin (EC 4.2.2.-)

EXLYS_BPAPS

Acyrthosiphon pisum secondary endosymbiont phage 1 (Bacteriophage APSE-1) reference strain

Peptidoglycan hydrolase gp27 (Gene product 27) (Gp27) (Internal virion protein gp27)

EXLYS_BPDPK

Pseudomonas phage phiKZ reference strain

Peptidoglycan hydrolase gp181 (Gene product 181) (Gp181)

EXLYS_BPKMV

Pseudomonas phage phiKMV reference strain

Peptidoglycan hydrolase gp36 (EC 3.2.1.17) (Gene product 36) (Gp36)

EXLYS_BPP22

Salmonella phage P22 (Bacteriophage P22) reference strain

Head-to-tail adapter protein gp4 (Gene product 4) (Gp4) (Internal virion protein gp4) (Peptidoglycan hydrolase gp4) (Tail adapter protein gp4)

4V4K; 5GAI; 8EAO; 8EB7; 8TVU; 8U10; 8U11

EXLYS_BPPH6

Pseudomonas phage phi6 (Bacteriophage phi-6) reference strain

Peptidoglycan hydrolase gp5 (Gene product 5) (Gp5)

EXLYS_BPPM2

Pseudoalteromonas phage PM2 (Bacteriophage PM2) reference strain

Peptidoglycan hydrolase P7 (Protein VII)

EXLYS_BPPRD

Enterobacteria phage PRD1 (Bacteriophage PRD1) reference strain

Transglycosylase (EC 4.2.2.n1) (Protein P7)

EXLYS_BPSP6

Enterobacteria phage SP6 (Bacteriophage SP6) reference strain

Peptidoglycan hydrolase gp36 (Gene product 36) (Gp36)

EXLYS_BPT7

Escherichia phage T7 (Bacteriophage T7) reference strain

Peptidoglycan transglycosylase gp16 (EC 4.2.2.n1) (Internal core protein gp16)

6YT5; 7EYB; 7K5C; 9JYY

EXLYS_PBCV1

Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus 1 (PBCV-1) reference strain

3 entries

Pre-neck appendage protein (Gene product 12) (gp12) (Late protein GP12) (NP1) (Protein p12)

FIB12_BPPH2

Bacillus phage phi29 (Bacteriophage phi-29) reference strain

Pre-neck appendage protein (Gene product 12) (gp12) (NP1) (Protein p12)

3GQ7; 3GQ8; 3GQ9; 3GQA; 3GQH; 3GQK; 3SUC; 6QZ9; 6QZF

FIB12_BPB03

Bacillus phage B103 (Bacteriophage B103)

FIB12_BPPZA

Bacillus phage PZA (Bacteriophage PZA)

Preneck appendage protein (Gene product 12) (gp12) (Protein p12)

6 entries

Tail spike protein (Depolymerase, capsule K5-specific) (EC 4.-.-.-)

FIBER_BPE15

Salmonella phage epsilon15 reference strain

Tail spike protein (TSP) (Endorhamnosidase) (EC 3.2.1.-) (Gene product 20) (gp20)

FIBER_BPK1E

Escherichia phage K1E (Bacteriophage K1E) reference strain

Tail spike protein (TSP) (Endo-N-acetylneuraminidase) (Endo-N) (Endo-alpha-sialidase) (EC 3.2.1.129) (EndoNE)

FIBER_BPK1F

Escherichia phage K1F (Bacteriophage K1F) reference strain

Tail spike protein (TSP) (Endo-N-acetylneuraminidase) (Endo-N) (Endo-alpha-sialidase) (EC 3.2.1.129) (EndoNF) (G102)

1V0E; 1V0F; 3GVJ; 3GVK; 3GVL; 3GW6; 3JU4

FIBER_BPP22

Salmonella phage P22 (Bacteriophage P22) reference strain

Tail spike protein (TSP) (Endo-1,3-alpha-L-rhamnosidase) (EC 3.2.1.-) (Endorhamnosidase) (Gene product 9) (gp9)

1CLW; 1LKT; 1QA1; 1QA2; 1QA3; 1QQ1; 1QRB; 1QRC; 1TSP; 1TYU; 1TYV; 1TYW; 1TYX; 2VFM; 2VFN; 2VFO; 2VFP; 2VFQ; 2VKY; 2VNL; 2XC1; 3TH0; 5GAI; 8EAN; 8EB7; 8TVR; 8U10; 8U11; 8U1O

FIBER_BPK5

Escherichia virus K5 (Bacteriophage K5)

2X3H

FIBER_BPSFV

Shigella phage Sf6 (Shigella flexneri bacteriophage VI) (Bacteriophage SfVI)

Tail spike protein (TSP) (Endo-1,3-alpha-L-rhamnosidase) (EC 3.2.1.-) (Endorhamnosidase)

2VBE; 2VBK; 2VBM; 4URR; 7SG7; 7UKJ

2 entries

Morphogenesis protein 1 (Gene product 13) (gp13) (Protein p13)

GP13_BPPH2

Bacillus phage phi29 (Bacteriophage phi-29) reference strain

3CSQ; 3CSR; 3CSZ; 3CT0; 3CT1; 3CT5

GP13_BPPZA

Bacillus phage PZA (Bacteriophage PZA)

1 entry

Hyaluronoglucosaminidase (Hyaluronidase) (EC 3.2.1.35)

1 entry

Hyaluronoglucosaminidase (Hyaluronidase) (EC 3.2.1.35)

1 entry

Pre-baseplate central spike protein Gp5 (Pre-Gp5) (Peptidoglycan hydrolase gp5) (EC 3.2.1.17)

NEEDL_BPT4

Enterobacteria phage T4 (Bacteriophage T4) reference strain

1K28; 1PDL; 1WTH; 2Z6B; 3A1M; 4JIV; 4JIW; 4JJ2; 4KU0; 4OSD; 5IV5; 6P1Z; 6P20; 6P22; 6P2A; 6XC0; 6XC1; 7CN7

4 entries

DNA terminal protein (Gene product 3) (gp3) (Protein p3)

TERM_BPPH2

Bacillus phage phi29 (Bacteriophage phi-29) reference strain

Primer terminal protein (TP) (DNA terminal protein) (Gene product 3) (gp3) (Protein p3) (Terminal protein)

2EX3

TERM_BPB03

Bacillus phage B103 (Bacteriophage B103)

TERM_BPNF

Bacillus phage Nf (Bacteriophage Nf)

TERM_BPPZA

Bacillus phage PZA (Bacteriophage PZA)

2 entries

Probable tape measure protein (TMP) (Transglycosylase) (EC 4.2.2.n1)

TMP_BPSPB

Bacillus phage SPbeta (Bacillus phage SPBc2) (Bacteriophage SP-beta) reference strain

TMP_BPT5

Escherichia phage T5 (Enterobacteria phage T5) reference strain

Tape measure protein pb2 precursor (TMP-pb2) (Pore-forming protein pb2) (Tail protein pb2)

7ZHJ; 7ZN2; 7ZQB; 7ZQP

2 entries

Tail tubular protein A (TTPA) (Depolymerase) (EC 3.2.1.-) (Gene product 31) (gp31)

TUBE1_BPK32

Klebsiella phage KP32 (Bacteriophage KP32) reference strain

5MU4

TUBE1_BPK34

Klebsiella phage KP34 (Bacteriophage KP34) reference strain

Tail tubular protein A (TTPA) (Depolymerase) (EC 3.2.1.28) (Gene product 44) (gp44)