Inhibition of eukaryotic host translation factors by virus (kw:KW-1075)

The majority of cellular mRNAs initiate translation through the recruitment of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F (eIF4F) to the 5' cap of the mRNA. eIF4F consists of the cap-binding protein eIF4E, the RNA helicase eIF4A, and the adapter protein eIF4G.

Viruses have evolved ways of interacting with the host translational machinery to shutoff host gene expression. This global inhibition of cellular protein synthesis serves to ensure maximal viral gene expression and to evade host immune response.

Dephosphorylation of host translation factors is one of the strategies employed by viruses. Some RNA viruses like VSV, poliovirus, and encephalomyocarditis virus dephosphorylate the eIF4E binding protein (4E-BP1). Following infection of cells with influenza virus, unphosphorylated eIF4E accumulates and leads to the inhibition of host protein synthesis. PB2 polymerase seems to allow the virus to express its proteins despite the host translation shutoff .
Infection with adenovirus provokes strong eIF4E dephosphorylation, which is caused by the displacement of Mnk1 from the eIF4F complex by the binding of adenovirus 100kDa protein to the C-terminus of eIF4G. Late viral mRNAs can still be expressed thanks to a specific 5'-UTR sequence promoting initiation by ribosomal shunting .
Late in the infection with SV40, host cell translation is also shut off via dephosphorylation of eIF4E and 4E-BP1. In this case again, the virus uses an independent system to express its late product, probably through an IRES .

Another strategy consists in cleaving the host initiation factors. The central role of eIF4G in initiation makes it a valid target for inhibiting host translation. Therefore, proteases of some retroviruses and picornaviruses shut off host translation by cleaving host eIF4G.

Viruses inhibiting host translation factors:

Family Virus Viral protein Host factors inhibition strategy references
Picornaviridae poliovirus, Coxsackie B virus and rhinovirus Protease 3C Cleavage of eIF5B
Foot-and-mouth disease virus Protease 3C Cleavage of eIF3a, eIF3b, and eIF4A
Encephalomyocarditis virus, poliovirus Protease 3C Dephosphorylation of eIF4E and 4E-BP1
Retroviridae HIV-1 Protease Cleavage of eIF4GI
HTLV-1 Protease Cleavage of eIF4GI
Moloney murine leukemia virus Protease 3C Cleavage of eIF4GI and eIF4GII
Rhabdoviridae Vesicular stomatitis virus Matrix protein Dephosphorylation of 4E-BP1 via AKT inactivation
Orthomyxoviridae Influenza virus ? Dephosphorylation of of eIF4E
Polyomaviridae SV40 Small T antigen Dephosphorylation of 4E-BP1
Adenoviridae Adenovirus L4-100kDa Dephosphorylation of eIF4E

Matching UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries

(all links/actions below point to uniprot.org website)

13 entries grouped by strain

1 entry

Fowl adenovirus A serotype 1 (strain CELO / Phelps) (FAdV-1) (Avian adenovirus gal1 (strain Phelps)) reference strain

SHUT_ADEG1 Shutoff protein (100 kDa protein) (p100K) (100K-chaperone protein) (L4-100K) (Shutoff protein 100K)

1 entry

Human adenovirus C serotype 2 (HAdV-2) (Human adenovirus 2) reference strain

SHUT_ADE02 Shutoff protein (100 kDa protein) (p100K) (100K-chaperone protein) (L4-100K) (Shutoff protein 100K)

1 entry

Monkeypox virus reference strain

PG173_MONPV Protein OPG173

1 entry

Snake adenovirus serotype 1 (SnAdV-1) reference strain

SHUT_ADES1 Shutoff protein (100 kDa protein) (p100K) (100K-chaperone protein) (L4-100K) (Shutoff protein 100K)

1 entry

Vaccinia virus (strain Western Reserve) (VACV) (Vaccinia virus (strain WR)) reference strain

PG173_VACCW Protein OPG173

1 entry

Canine adenovirus serotype 1 (strain CLL) (CAdV-1) (Canine adenovirus 1 (strain CLL))

SHUT_ADECC Shutoff protein (100 kDa protein) (p100K) (100K-chaperone protein) (L4-100K) (Shutoff protein 100K)

1 entry

Canine adenovirus serotype 1 (strain RI261) (CAdV-1) (Canine adenovirus 1 (strain RI261))

SHUT_ADECR Shutoff protein (100 kDa protein) (p100K) (100K-chaperone protein) (L4-100K) (Shutoff protein 100K)

1 entry

Fowl adenovirus C serotype 10 (strain SA2) (FAdV-10) (Fowl adenovirus 10)

SHUT_ADEGX Shutoff protein (100 kDa protein) (p100K) (100K-chaperone protein) (L4-100K) (Shutoff protein 100K)

1 entry

Human adenovirus A serotype 12 (HAdV-12) (Human adenovirus 12)

SHUT_ADE12 Shutoff protein (100 kDa protein) (p100K) (100K-chaperone protein) (L4-100K) (Shutoff protein 100K)

1 entry

Human adenovirus C serotype 5 (HAdV-5) (Human adenovirus 5)

SHUT_ADE05 Shutoff protein (100 kDa protein) (p100K) (100K-chaperone protein) (L4-100K) (Shutoff protein 100K)

1 entry

Human adenovirus F serotype 40 (HAdV-40) (Human adenovirus 40)

SHUT_ADE40 Shutoff protein (100 kDa protein) (p100K) (100K-chaperone protein) (L4-100K) (Shutoff protein 100K)

1 entry

Human adenovirus F serotype 41 (HAdV-41) (Human adenovirus 41)

SHUT_ADE41 Shutoff protein (100 kDa protein) (p100K) (100K-chaperone protein) (L4-100K) (Shutoff protein 100K)

1 entry

Porcine adenovirus A serotype 3 (PAdV-3) (Porcine adenovirus 3)

SHUT_ADEP3 Shutoff protein (100 kDa protein) (p100K) (100K-chaperone protein) (L4-100K) (Shutoff protein 100K)