Degradation of host cell envelope components during virus entry (kw:KW-1235)

At the onset of the infective process, bacterial viruses are usually confronted with the penetration of a complex host cell envelope. Gram-negative bacterial envelope usually comprises a cell membrane, a thin periplasmic peptidoglcan cell wall covered with an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides (LPS). By contrast, Gram-positive bacterial envelope lacks the outer membrane, but has a much thicker peptidoglycan layer containing cell-wall glycopolymers. Moreover, these cell-envelope structures can be surrounded by other protective structures such as capsular polysaccharides (e.g. α2,8-linked polysialic acid (PSA), Hyaluronic acid (HA)), S-layer proteins or mucolic acids.

Bacterial viruses must be equipped to be able to penetrate through all these layers. Virions carry the necessary enzymatic activities to perforate the capsule, slime and peptidoglycan layers of their specific host. LPS-binding virions usually degrade these polysaccharides chains after attachment.

Virus	Family	Host bacteria	Surface component type	Phage degrading enzyme	ref.
Phage φ92	Myoviridae	E.coli (K1, K5, K92), Salmonella strains	PSA, capsular	Endosialidase gp143
Phage K1A	Podoviridae	Escherichia coli	PSA, capsular	Endosialidase
Phage K1E	Podoviridae	Escherichia coli	PSA, capsular	Endosialidase
Phage K1F	Podoviridae	Escherichia coli	PSA, capsular	Endosialidase
Phage 63D	Siphoviridae	-	PSA, capsular	Endosialidase
Phage K1-5	Podoviridae	Escherichia coli	PSA, capsular	Endosialidase
Phage CUS-3	Podoviridae	Escherichia coli	PSA, capsular	Endosialidase
Phage PT-6	unclassified	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Alginate, capsular	Alginate lyase
Phage H4489A	unclassified	Streptococcus pyogenes	HA, capsular	Hyaluronidase
Phage 370.1	Siphoviridae	Streptococcus pyogenes	HA, capsular	HylP1, HylP2, HylP3
Phage H10403	unclassified	Streptococcus pyogenes	HA, capsular	Hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Phage AF	Podoviridae	Pseudomonas putida	EPS, capsular	EPS hydrolase
Phage P27	-	Salmonella typhimurium	LPS	Endorhamnosidase
Phage 9NA	-	Salmonella typhimurium	LPS	Endorhamnosidase
Phage KB-1	-	Salmonella typhimurium	LPS	Endorhamnosidase
Phage Det7	Myoviridae	Salmonella typhimurium	LPS	Endorhamnosidase
Phage Sf6	Podoviridae	Shigella flexneri	LPS	Endorhamnosidase
Phage ε15	Podoviridae		LPS	Endorhamnosidase
Phage HK620	Podoviridae	Escherichia coli H	LPS	Tail spike endo-N-acetylglucosaminidase
Phage GA-1	Podoviridae	Bacillus G1R	Peptidoglycan	gp3
Phage SPβ	Siphoviridae	Bacillus subtilis	Peptidoglycan	YomI
Phage SPO1	Myoviridae	Bacillus subtilis	Peptidoglycan	-
Phage SPP1	Siphoviridae	Bacillus subtilis	Peptidoglycan	-
Phage M2	Podoviridae	Bacillus subtilis	Peptidoglycan	gp3
Phage φ29	Podoviridae	Bacillus subtilis	Peptidoglycan	gp3
Phage PRD1	Tectiviridae	Escherichia coli	Peptidoglycan	p7
Phage T3	Podoviridae	Escherichia coli	Peptidoglycan	gp16
Phage K1-5	Podoviridae	Escherichia coli	Peptidoglycan	orf35
			PSA, capsular	Endosialidase
Phage N4	Podoviridae	Escherichia coli	Peptidoglycan	-
Phage T4	Podoviridae	Escherichia coli	Peptidoglycan	gp5
Phage T5	Siphoviridae	Escherichia coli	Peptidoglycan	Pb2
Phage C1	Podoviridae	Escherichia coli	Peptidoglycan	-
Phage φ949	-	Lactococcus lactis	Peptidoglycan	-
Phage φ31	Siphoviridae	Lactococcus lactis	Peptidoglycan	-
Phage φc2	Myoviridae	Lactococcus lactis	Peptidoglycan	-
Phage φr1t	-	Lactococcus lactis	Peptidoglycan	-
Phage φ6	Cystoviridae	Pseudomonas syringae	Peptidoglycan	P5
Phage φ13	Cystoviridae	Pseudomonas syringae	Peptidoglycan	-
Phage SP6	Podoviridae	Salmonella typhimurium	Peptidoglycan	orf35
Phage P22	Podoviridae	Salmonella typhimurium	Peptidoglycan	gp4
			LPS	Endorhamnosidase
Phage φYeO3-12	Podoviridae	Yersinia enterocolitica	Peptidoglycan	gp16
Phage φKMV	Podoviridae	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Peptidoglycan	gp36
Phage φKZ	Myoviridae	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Peptidoglycan	gp181
Phage T7	Podoviridae	Escherichia coli	Peptidoglycan	gp16