Betanecrovirus (taxid:1299311)

VIRION

Non-enveloped, spherical, icosahedral, about 28 in diameter, capsid with a T=3 icosahedral symmetry. 30 hexameric capsomers per nucleocapsid (virion composed of 180 protein subunits).

GENOME

Linear, ssRNA(+) genome of about 4 kb, which lacks a cap structure and a poly(A)tail.

GENE EXPRESSION

The virion RNA is infectious and serves as both the genome and viral messenger RNA. Two 5'-proximal ORFs are directly translated to produce the viral constituents of the replicase complex. RdRp is translated through suppression of termination at the end of ORF1. The downstream genes encoding the movement and capsid proteins are translated from subgenomic RNAs. ORF2 and ORF3 are necessary for cell-to-cell movement, while the capsid protein p29 is needed for particle assembly and systemic movement.
Cap-independent translation is mediated possibly through the interaction between a 3'-cap-independent translation element and a 5'UTR stem-loop.

ENZYMES

• RNA-dependent RNA polymerase [Replicase polyprotein]

REPLICATION

CYTOPLASMIC

1. Virus penetrates into the host cell.
2. Uncoating, and release of the viral genomic RNA into the cytoplasm.
3. The viral RNA is translated to produce the two proteins necessary for RNA synthesis (replication and transcription).
4. Replication takes place in cytoplasmic viral factories. A dsRNA genome is synthesized from the genomic ssRNA(+).
5. The dsRNA genome is transcribed/replicated thereby providing viral mRNAs/new ssRNA(+) genomes.
6. Virus assembly in the cytoplasm.
7. The RdRp recognizes internal subgenomic promoters on the negative-sense RNA to transcribe the 3'co-terminal subgenomic RNAs that will generate the capsid and movement proteins.
8. Viral movement protein probably mediates virion cell-to-cell transfer.