Inhibition of host RIG-I by virus (kw:KW-1088)

Upon viral infection, the cellular cytosolic receptor RIG-I recognizes viral RNA in a 5'-triphosphate-dependent manner and initiates an antiviral signaling cascade characterized by expression of antiviral cytokines and interferons. The RIG-I protein belongs to the helicase family and the interaction with its downstream adaptor molecule MAVS is triggered by RIG-I ubiquitination mediated by TRIM25.

Many viruses encode proteins that directly interfere with RIG-I to inhibit interferon production. A specific viral protease encoded by Poliovirus termed the 3Cpro cleaves RIG-I and abrogates its activity. This cleavage is likely to occur in all picornaviruses . The Z protein of new world arenaviruses directly binds RIG-I and interferes with type I interferon production. The interaction blocks RIG-I interaction with MAVS, the downstream partner in the cascade. Other viral proteins targeting RIG-I include NS2 form HRSV or G protein from human metapneumovirus.

Table 1. Viruses recognized by host RIG-I and mechanisms of evasion employed to counteract the immune response initiated by RIG-I.

Virus	Family	Method of evasion	Viral agent	References
Respiratory syncytial virus	Paramyxoviridae, Pneumovirus	Direct interaction with RIG-I	NS2
Rabies virus	Rhabdoviridae, Lyssavirus	Protect RNA from RIG-I recognition	Nucleoprotein
Influenza A virus	Orthomyxoviridae, Influenzavirus A	Prevent RIG-I ubiquitination	NS1
New world arenaviruses	Arenaviridae, Arenavirus	Direct interaction with RIG-I	Z
Hantaan virus	Bunyaviridae, Hantavirus	Processing of viral genome 5' termini	-
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus	Bunyaviridae, Nairovirus	Processing of viral genome 5' termini	-
Borna disease virus	Bornaviridae, Bornavirus	Processing of viral genome 5' termini	-
Dengue virus	Flaviviridae, Flavivirus	Inactivation of TRIM25	Subgenomic Flavivirus RNA (sfRNA)

Table 2. Other viruses recognized by host RIG-I.

Virus	Family	References
Rift valley virus	Bunyaviridae, Phlebovirus
Vesicular stomatitis virus	Rhabdoviridae, Vesiculovirus
Sendai virus	Paramyxoviridae, Respirovirus
Measles virus	Paramyxoviridae, Morbillivirus
New Castle disease virus	Paramyxoviridae, Respirovirus
Ebola virus	Filoviridae, Ebolavirus
Nipah virus	Paramyxoviridae, Henipavirus
Old world arenaviruses	Arenaviridae, Arenavirus
Influenza B virus	Orthomyxoviridae, Influenza B virus

Matching UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries

(all links/actions below point to uniprot.org website)

200 entries grouped by strain

reorder by protein

2 entries

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (strain A51908) (BRS) reference strain

2 entries

Human herpesvirus 1 (strain 17) (HHV-1) (Human herpes simplex virus 1) reference strain

RNB_HHV11 Accessory factor US11 (Vmw21)

ITP_HHV11 Inner tegument protein (EC 3.5.1.-) (EC 3.5.1.44) (Viral deamidase UL37)

5VYL

2 entries

Human respiratory syncytial virus B (strain B1) reference strain

1 entry

African swine fever virus (strain Badajoz 1971 Vero-adapted) (Ba71V) (ASFV) reference strain

1 entry

Encephalomyocarditis virus (strain Rueckert) (EMCV) reference strain

1 entry

Hepatitis C virus genotype 1a (isolate H77) (HCV) reference strain

1 entry

Hepatitis E virus genotype 1 (isolate Human/China/HeBei/1987) (HEV) reference strain

1 entry

Human herpesvirus 2 (strain HG52) (HHV-2) (Human herpes simplex virus 2) reference strain

1 entry

Human metapneumovirus (strain CAN97-83) (HMPV) reference strain

1 entry

Human rhinovirus A serotype 89 (strain 41467-Gallo) (HRV-89) reference strain

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Aichi/2/1968 H3N2) reference strain

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 H5N1 genotype Gs/Gd) reference strain

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 H1N1) reference strain

1 entry

Influenza C virus (strain C/Ann Arbor/1/1950) reference strain

1 entry

JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) (JCV) reference strain

1 entry

Murine pneumonia virus (strain 15) (MPV) reference strain

1 entry

Poliovirus type 1 (strain Mahoney) reference strain

POLG_POL1M Genome polyprotein [Cleaved into: P1; Capsid protein VP0 (VP4-VP2); Capsid protein VP4 (P1A) (Virion ...

1AL2; 1AR6; 1AR7; 1AR8; 1AR9; 1ASJ; 1DGI; 1FPT; 1HXS; 1L1N; 1NG7; 1NN8; 1PO1; 1PO2; 1POV; 1RA6; 1RA7; 1RAJ; 1RDR; 1TQL; 1VBD; 1XYR; 2BBL; 2BBP; 2IJD; 2IJF; 2ILY; 2ILZ; 2IM0; 2IM1; 2IM2; 2IM3; 2PLV; 3EPC; 3IYB; 3IYC; 3J3O; 3J3P; 3J48; 3J8F; 3J9F; 3JBC; 3JBD; 3JBE; 3JBF; 3JBG; 3OL7; 4DCD; 4K4S; 4K4T; 4K4U; 4K4V; 4K4W; 4NLO; 4NLP; 4NLQ; 4NLR; 4NLS; 4NLT; 4NLU; 4NLV; 4NLW; 4NLX; 4NLY; 4R0E; 5KTZ; 5KU0; 5KU2; 5KWL; 5Z3Q; 6HLV; 6P9O; 6P9W; 6PSZ; 9FQ2

1 entry

SFTS phlebovirus (isolate SFTSV/Human/China/HB29/2010) (Severe fever with thrombocytopenia virus) reference strain

1 entry

Seneca Valley virus (isolate -/United States/SSV-001/2002) (SVV) reference strain

1 entry

Toscana virus (Tos) reference strain

2 entries

Human respiratory syncytial virus

NS2_HRSV Non-structural protein 2 (NS2) (Non-structural protein 1B)

7LDK

NS1_HRSV Non-structural protein 1 (Non-structural protein 1C)

2 entries

Human respiratory syncytial virus A (strain A2)

2 entries

Human respiratory syncytial virus B (strain 18537)

2 entries

Ovine respiratory syncytial virus (strain WSU 83-1578) (ORSV)

1 entry

African swine fever virus (isolate Pig/Kenya/KEN-50/1950) (ASFV)

1 entry

African swine fever virus (isolate Tick/Malawi/Lil 20-1/1983) (ASFV)

1 entry

African swine fever virus (isolate Tick/South Africa/Pretoriuskop Pr4/1996) (ASFV)

1 entry

African swine fever virus (isolate Warthog/Namibia/Wart80/1980) (ASFV)

1 entry

Bovine enterovirus (strain VG-5-27) (BEV)

1 entry

Coxsackievirus A21 (strain Coe)

1 entry

Coxsackievirus A24 (strain EH24/70)

1 entry

Coxsackievirus A9 (strain Griggs)

1 entry

Coxsackievirus B1 (strain Japan)

1 entry

Coxsackievirus B2 (strain Ohio-1)

1 entry

Coxsackievirus B3 (strain Nancy)

1 entry

Coxsackievirus B3 (strain Woodruff)

1 entry

Coxsackievirus B4 (strain E2)

1 entry

Coxsackievirus B4 (strain JVB / Benschoten / New York/51)

1 entry

Coxsackievirus B5 (strain Peterborough / 1954/UK/85)

1 entry

Coxsackievirus B6 (strain Schmitt)

1 entry

Echovirus 1 (strain Human/Egypt/Farouk/1951) (E-1)

1 entry

Echovirus 11 (strain Gregory)

1 entry

Echovirus 12 (strain Travis)

1 entry

Echovirus 30 (strain Bastianni)

1 entry

Echovirus 5 (strain Noyce)

1 entry

Echovirus 6 (strain Charles)

1 entry

Echovirus 9 (strain Barty)

1 entry

Echovirus 9 (strain Hill)

1 entry

Encephalomyocarditis virus

1 entry

Encephalomyocarditis virus (strain emc-b nondiabetogenic)

1 entry

Encephalomyocarditis virus (strain emc-d diabetogenic)

1 entry

Human enterovirus 70 (strain J670/71) (EV70) (EV-70)

1 entry

Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) (EV-71)

1 entry

Human enterovirus 71 (strain 7423/MS/87) (EV71) (EV-71)

1 entry

Human enterovirus 71 (strain USA/BrCr/1970) (EV71) (EV-71)

1 entry

Human herpesvirus 1 (strain MP) (HHV-1) (Human herpes simplex virus 1)

1 entry

Human respiratory syncytial virus A (strain S-2) (HRSV-S2)

1 entry

Human rhinovirus 14 (HRV-14)

POLG_HRV14 Genome polyprotein [Cleaved into: P1; Capsid protein VP0 (VP4-VP2); Capsid protein VP4 (P1A) (Virion ...

1D3I; 1HRI; 1HRV; 1K5M; 1NA1; 1NCQ; 1R08; 1R09; 1RMU; 1RUC; 1RUD; 1RUE; 1RUF; 1RUG; 1RUH; 1RUI; 1RUJ; 1RVF; 1VRH; 1XR5; 2B0F; 2HWB; 2HWC; 2IN2; 2R04; 2R06; 2R07; 2RM2; 2RMU; 2RR1; 2RS1; 2RS3; 2RS5; 4PDW; 4RHV; 5W3E; 5W3L; 5W3M; 5W3O; 6HLT; 6KYZ; 6KZ0

1 entry

Human rhinovirus 16 (HRV-16)

1 entry

Human rhinovirus 1A (HRV-1A)

1 entry

Human rhinovirus 1B (HRV-1B)

1 entry

Human rhinovirus 2 (HRV-2)

1 entry

Human rhinovirus 3 (HRV-3)

1 entry

Human rhinovirus C (strain C15) (HRV-C15)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Alaska/6/1977 H3N2)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Anas acuta/Primorje/695/1976 H2N3)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Ann Arbor/6/1960 H2N2)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Beijing/352/1989 H3N2)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Beijing/39/1975 H3N2)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Blue-winged teal/Minnesota/993/1980 H6N6)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Brazil/11/1978 H1N1)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Brevig Mission/1/1918 H1N1) (Influenza A virus (strain A/South Carolina/1/1918 H1N1))

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Budgerigar/Hokkaido/1/1977 H4N6)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Chicken/Brescia/1902 H7N7)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Chicken/Germany/n/1949 H10N7)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Chicken/Hong Kong/220/1997 H5N1 genotype Gs/Gd)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Chicken/Hong Kong/31.2/2002 H5N1 genotype X1)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Chicken/Hong Kong/37.4/2002 H5N1 genotype X2)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Chicken/Hong Kong/715.5/2001 H5N1 genotype E)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Chicken/Hong Kong/96.1/2002 H5N1 genotype Y)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Chicken/Hong Kong/FY150/2001 H5N1 genotype D)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Chicken/Hong Kong/YU22/2002 H5N1 genotype Z)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Chicken/Hong Kong/YU562/2001 H5N1 genotype B)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Chicken/Pennsylvania/1/1983 H5N2)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Chicken/Pennsylvania/1370/1983 H5N2)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Chicken/Scotland/1959 H5N1)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Chicken/Shantou/4231/2003 H5N1 genotype V)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Chicken/Victoria/1/1985 H7N7)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Chile/1/1983 H1N1)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/China:Nanchang/11/1996 H1N1)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Duck/Alberta/60/1976 H12N5)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Duck/Czechoslovakia/1956 H4N6)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Duck/England/1/1956 H11N6)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Duck/Germany/1949 H10N7)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Duck/Hokkaido/8/1980 H3N8)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Duck/Hong Kong/2986.1/2000 H5N1 genotype C)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/England/878/1969 H3N2)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Equine/Alaska/1/1991 H3N8)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Equine/Jillin/1/1989 H3N8)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Equine/London/1416/1973 H7N7)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Equine/New Market/1/1977 H7N7)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Equine/Prague/1/1956 H7N7)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Equine/Tennessee/5/1986 H3N8)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Fort Monmouth/1/1947 H1N1)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Fort Warren/1/1950 H1N1)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Fowl plague virus/Rostock/8/1934 H7N1)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Grey teal/Australia/2/1979 H4N4)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Guinea fowl/Hong Kong/38/2002 H5N1 genotype X0)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Gull/Maryland/1824/1978 H13N6)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Gull/Maryland/704/1977 H13N6)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Gull/Massachusetts/26/1980 H13N6)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Gull/Minnesota/945/1980 H13N6)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Henry/1936 H1N1)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Herring gull/DE/677/1988 H2N8)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Hickox/1940 H1N1)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Hong Kong/1/1968 H3N2)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Hong Kong/156/1997 H5N1 genotype Gs/Gd)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Hong Kong/212/2003 H5N1 genotype Z+)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Hong Kong/5/1983 H3N2)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/India/6263/1980 H1N1)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Japan/305/1957 H2N2)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Korea/426/1968 H2N2)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Leningrad/1/1954 H1N1)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Leningrad/134/17/1957 H2N2)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Leningrad/134/1957 H2N2)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Leningrad/134/47/1957 H2N2)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Malaysia:Malaya/302/1954 H1N1)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Mallard/Alberta/827/1978 H8N4)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Mallard/Alberta/88/1976 H3N8)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Mallard/New York/6750/1978 H2N2)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Mallard/New York/6874/1978 H3N2)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Mallard/Ohio/556/1987 H5N9)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Memphis/1/1971 H3N2)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Memphis/101/1972 H3N2)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Memphis/102/1972 H3N2)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Memphis/110/1976 H3N2)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Memphis/18/1978 H3N2)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Memphis/2/1978 H3N2)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Memphis/4/1980 H3N2)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/New Zealand:South Canterbury/35/2000 H1N1)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Pintail/Alberta/119/1979 H4N6)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Pintail/Alberta/121/1979 H7N8)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Pintail/Alberta/268/1978 H6N2)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Pintail/Alberta/358/1979 H3N6)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Port Chalmers/1/1973 H3N2)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Qu/7/1970 H3N2)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Ruddy Turnstone/New Jersey/47/1985 H4N6)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Russia:St.Petersburg/8/2006 H1N1)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Seal/Massachusetts/1/1980 H7N7)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Seal/Massachusetts/133/1982 H4N5)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Shearwater/Australia/1972 H6N5)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Silky Chicken/Hong Kong/SF189/2001 H5N1 genotype A)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Silky Chicken/Hong Kong/YU100/2002 H5N1 genotype X3)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Singapore/1/1957 H2N2)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Swine/Colorado/1/1977 H3N2)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Swine/Iowa/15/1930 H1N1)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Swine/Wisconsin/1/1961 H1N1)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Tern/Turkmenia/18/1972 H3N3)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Tokyo/3/1967 H2N2)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Turkey/Bethlehem-Glilit/1492-B/1982 H1N1)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Turkey/Canada/1963 H6N8)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Turkey/Ireland/1378/1983 H5N8)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Turkey/Minnesota/501/1978 H6N8)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Turkey/Minnesota/833/1980 H4N2)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Turkey/Ontario/6118/1968 H8N4)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Turkey/Ontario/7732/1966 H5N9)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Turkey/Oregon/1971 H7N3)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Turkey/Wisconsin/1/1966 H9N2)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/USA:Albany/12/1951 H1N1)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/USA:Huston/AA/1945 H1N1)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/USA:Iowa/1943 H1N1)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/USA:Memphis/10/1996 H1N1)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/USA:Phila/1935 H1N1)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/USA:Texas/UR06-0195/2007 H1N1)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/USSR/90/1977 H1N1)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Udorn/307/1972 H3N2)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Wa-182)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Whale/Maine/328/1984 H13N2)

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/Wilson-Smith/1933 H1N1) (Influenza A virus (strain A/WS/1933 H1N1))

1 entry

Influenza A virus (strain A/X-31 H3N2)

1 entry

Influenza C virus (strain C/California/1978)

1 entry

Influenza C virus (strain C/Hyogo/1/1983)

1 entry

Influenza C virus (strain C/Yamagata/1964)

1 entry

Mengo encephalomyocarditis virus

1 entry

Poliovirus type 1 (strain Sabin)

1 entry

Poliovirus type 2 (strain Lansing)

1 entry

Poliovirus type 2 (strain W-2)

1 entry

Poliovirus type 3 (strain 23127)

1 entry

Poliovirus type 3 (strains P3/Leon/37 and P3/Leon 12A[1]B)

1 entry

Porcine enterovirus 9 (strain UKG/410/73)

1 entry

Swine vesicular disease virus (strain H/3 '76) (SVDV)

1 entry

Swine vesicular disease virus (strain UKG/27/72) (SVDV)

1 entry