Virus Family Viral protein Receptors Type of molecule Receptor function references entry mode
Bovine coronavirus Coronaviridae, Betacoronavirus Spike glycoprotein Sialic acid Carbohydrate attachment
Bovine viral diarrhea virus Flaviviridae,
Pestivirus
E1/E2 CD46 glycoprotein attachment

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis
Coxsackievirus A9 Picornaviridae, Enterovirus VP1, VP2 and VP3 Integrin αV β3 Integrin attachment
Integrin αV β6 Integrin attachment
Coxsackievirus A21 Picornaviridae, Enterovirus VP1, VP2 and VP3 ICAM-1 Ig-like attachment
ICAM-1 CD55 SCR-like co-attachment
Coxsackievirus B1 to B6 Picornaviridae, Enterovirus VP1, VP2 and VP3 CXADR Ig-like attachment
Coxsackievirus B1, B3, B5 Picornaviridae, Enterovirus VP1, VP2 and VP3 CD55 Ig-like attachment
Dengue virus Flaviviridae,
Flavivirus
Envelope protein E Heparan sulfate Glycosaminoglycan attachment Clathrin-mediated endocytosis
Envelope protein E? CLEC5A Lectin attachment
Encephalomyocarditis virus Picornaviridae, Cardiovirus VP1, VP2 and VP3 Vcam1 Ig-like attachment
Echovirus 1 Picornaviridae, Enterovirus VP1, VP2 and VP3 Integrin α2 β1 Integrin attachment Caveolin-mediated endocytosis
Echovirus 8 Picornaviridae, Enterovirus VP1, VP2 and VP3 Integrin α2 β1 Integrin attachment
Echovirus 6, 7, 11, 12, 20 and 21 Picornaviridae, Enterovirus VP1, VP2 and VP3 CD55 Ig-like attachment
Enterovirus 70 Picornaviridae, Enterovirus VP1, VP2 and VP3 CD55 Ig-like attachment
α2,3-linked sialic Carbohydrate attachment
Foot-and-mouth disease virus Picornaviridae, Aphthovirus VP1, VP2 and VP3 Integrins αV β6, αV β1, αV β3, α5 β1, αV β8 Integrin attachment, and internalization Clathrin-mediated endocytosis
Hepatitis A virus Picornaviridae, Hepatovirus VP1, VP2 and VP3 HAVCR1 Ig-like attachment
Hepatitis C virus Flaviviridae, Hepacivirus E1 and E2 proteins Heparan sulfate
LDL-R
CD81
CLDN1
Glycosaminoglycan
Signaling receptor
Cell surface antigen
Tight junction protein
attachment
attachment
co-attachment
co-attachment
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis
Human coronavirus 229 E Coronaviridae, Alphacoronavirus Spike glycoprotein ANPEP Protease attachment
Human coronavirus OC43 Coronaviridae, Betacoronavirus Spike glycoprotein Sialic acid Carbohydrate attachment
Human parechovirus 1 Picornaviridae, Parechovirus VP1, VP2 and VP3 Integrin αV β3 Integrin attachment Clathrin/caveolin-independent endocytosis
Major group rhinovirus (e.g. HRV14) Picornaviridae, Enterovirus VP1, VP2 and VP3 ICAM1 Ig-like attachment Clathrin/caveolin-independent endocytosis
Minor group rhinovirus (e.g. HRV2) Picornaviridae, Enterovirus VP1, VP2 and VP3 VLDLR Signaling receptor attachment Clathrin-mediated endocytosis
Mouse hepatitis virus Coronaviridae, Betacoronavirus Spike glycoprotein Ceacam1 Ig-like attachment
Poliovirus Picornaviridae, Enterovirus VP1, VP2 and VP3 PVR Ig-like attachment Clathrin/caveolin-independent endocytosis and Caveolin-mediated endocytosis
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus Coronaviridae, Alphacoronavirus Spike glycoprotein ANPEP Protease attachment
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus Arteriviridae, Arterivirus GP5 Sialoadhesin Ig-like attachment Clathrin-mediated endocytosis
Rhinovirus 87 Picornaviridae, Enterovirus VP1, VP2 and VP3 CD55 Ig-like attachment
Sialic aicid Carbohydrate attachment
Sindbis virus Togaviridae,
Alphavirus
E2 glycoprotein Heparan sulfate Glycosaminoglycan attachment
High-affinity laminin receptor Integrin attachment Clathrin-mediated endocytosis
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus Coronaviridae, Alphacoronavirus Spike glycoprotein ANPEP Ig-like attachment