Orthocoronavirinae (taxid:2501931)
VIRION
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Enveloped, spherical, about 120 nm in diameter. The RNA genome is associated with the N protein to form the nucleocapsid (helical for the genus coronavirus, and tubular for the genus torovirus). see Neuman BW et al. for virion cryo-electron microscopy analysis.
GENOME
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Monopartite, linear, ssRNA(+) genome of 27-32kb in size (the largest of all RNA virus genomes). Capped, and polyadenylated. The leader RNA (65-89 bp) at the 5' end of the genome is also present at the end of each subgenomic RNAs.
GENE EXPRESSION
The virion RNA is infectious and serves as both the genome and viral messenger RNA.
Genomic RNA encodes for ORF1a, as for ORF1b, it is translated by ribosomal frameshifting. Resulting proteins pp1a and pp1ab are processed into the viral polymerase (RdRp) and other non-structural proteins involved in RNA synthesis. Structural proteins are expressed as subgenomic RNAs. Each RNA (genomic and subgenomic) is translated to yield only the protein encoded by the 5'-most ORF.
REPLICATION
CYTOPLASMIC
- Attachement of the viral S protein (maybe also HE if present) to host receptors mediates endocytosis of the virus into the host cell.
- Fusion of virus membrane with the endosomal membrane (probably mediated by S2), ssRNA(+) genome is released into the cytoplasm.
- Synthesis and proteolytic cleavage of the replicase polyprotein.
- Replication occurs in viral factories. A dsRNA genome is synthesized from the genomic ssRNA(+).
- The dsRNA genome is transcribed/replicated thereby providing viral mRNAs/new ssRNA(+) genomes.
- Synthesis of structural proteins encoded by subgenomic mRNAs.
- Assembly and budding at membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the intermediate compartments, and/or the Golgi complex.
- Release of new virions by exocytosis.
Host-virus interaction
Host gene expression shutoff
SARS-CoV nsp1 protein mediates host mRNA decay .
Apoptosis modulation
Human coronavirus induces neuronal apoptosis via mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor and cyclophilin D .
IBV also seems to induce apoptosis
at late stages of the infection cycle .
Autophagy modulation
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), SARS-CoV and MHV nsp6 proteins induce autophagy to promote virus replication
.
Cell-cycle modulation
SARS-CoV Nsp15 has a retinoblastoma protein-binding motif (LXCXE/D) and seems to interact with host retinoblastoma protein resulting in an increased proportion of cells in the S phase of the cell cycle. This probably involves G1/S host cell cycle checkpoint dysregulation by the virus
.
IBV induces a both S-phase and G(2)/M-phase arrest in infected cells to promote favorable conditions for viral replication
.
Murine coronavirus and SARS-CoV may also induce G0/G1 checkpoint dysregulation
.
Innate immune response inhibition
SARS-CoV Protein 3a, which has a viral channel activity, may cause endoplasmic reticulum stress and inhibition of the type 1 interferon receptor
.
SARS-CoV PL-Pro mediates
ISG15 inhibition
and inhibition of host IRF3
.
SARS-CoV M protein mediates the
inhibition of host TRAF3
.
TGEV protein 7 may counteract host antiviral response .
Matching UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries
(all links/actions below point to uniprot.org website)474 entries grouped by protein
5 entries
Protein 3 (Accessory protein 3)
23 entries
Hemagglutinin-esterase (HE protein) (EC 3.1.1.53) (E3 glycoprotein)
21 entries
Protein I (Accessory protein N2) (N internal ORF protein) (IORF) (Protein in nucleocapsid ORF)
64 entries
Nucleoprotein (Nucleocapsid protein) (NC) (Protein N)
18 entries
Non-structural protein of 12.7 kDa (ns12.7) (12.7 kDa accessory protein)
11 entries
Non-structural protein 2a (ns2a) (32 kDa accessory protein) (32 kDa non-structural protein) (ns2)
4 entries
Non-structural protein 3 (ns3) (Accessory protein 3a)
13 entries
Non-structural protein 3a (ns3a) (Accessory protein 3a)
15 entries
Non-structural protein 3b (ns3b) (Accessory protein 3b)
1 entry
Non-structural protein 3c (ns3c) (Accessory protein 3c)
3 entries
Non-structural protein 3d (ns3d) (Accessory protein 3d)
2 entries
Non-structural protein 3x (ns3x) (Accessory protein 3x) (ns3b)
4 entries
Non-structural protein 4 (ns4) (Accessory protein 4)
8 entries
Non-structural protein of 4.8 kDa (ns4.8) (4.8 kDa accessory protein)
10 entries
Truncated non-structural protein of 4.9 kDa (Truncated ns4.9) (Truncated 4.9 kDa accessory protein)
1 entry
Non-structural protein 4a (ns4a) (Accessory protein 4a)
1 entry
Non-structural protein 4b (ns4b) (Accessory protein 4b)
2 entries
Non-structural protein 5a (ns5a) (Accessory protein 5a)
3 entries
Host translation inhibitor 5b (ns5b) (Accessory protein 5b)
5 entries
ORF6 protein (ORF6) (Accessory protein 6) (Non-structural protein 6) (ns6)
9 entries
Non-structural protein 7a (ns7a) (11 kDa protein) (Accessory protein 7a) (X3 protein)
6 entries
Protein 7a (Accessory protein 7a)
11 entries
Non-structural protein 7b (ns7b) (Accessory protein 7b)
4 entries
Non-structural protein 8 (ns8) (Accessory protein 8)
1 entry
ORF8a protein (Accessory protein 8a) (Protein non-structural 8a) (ns8a)
1 entry
ORF8b protein (Accessory protein 8b) (Non-structural protein 8b) (ns8b)
1 entry
Putative ORF10 protein
1 entry
Non-structural protein ORF3 (ORF3)
1 entry
Putative ORF3b protein (ORF3b)
1 entry
ORF3c protein (ORF3c) (ORF3h protein) (ORF3h)
1 entry
Putative ORF3d protein
1 entry
Non-structural protein ORF4a (ORF4a)
3 entries
Non-structural protein ORF4b (ORF4b)
1 entry
Non-structural protein ORF5 (ORF5)
5 entries
Protein 9b (Accessory protein 9b) (ORF-9b)
1 entry
Putative ORF9c protein (ORF9c) (Uncharacterized protein 14) (ORF14)
29 entries
Replicase polyprotein 1a (pp1a) (ORF1a polyprotein)
30 entries
Replicase polyprotein 1ab (pp1ab) (ORF1ab polyprotein)
50 entries
Spike glycoprotein (S glycoprotein) (E2) (Peplomer protein)
1 entry
Uridine kinase P10 (EC 2.7.1.48) (Accessory protein P10) (AcP10)
46 entries
Envelope small membrane protein (E protein) (sM protein)
54 entries
Membrane protein (M protein) (E1 glycoprotein) (Matrix glycoprotein) (Membrane glycoprotein)
2 entries
Uncharacterized protein 14
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Bat Hp-betacoronavirus/Zhejiang2013 taxid:1541205
Bat coronavirus 512/2005 taxid:693999
Bat coronavirus BM48-31/BGR/2008 taxid:864596
Bat coronavirus CDPHE15/USA/2006 taxid:1384461
Bat coronavirus HKU4 taxid:694007
Bat coronavirus HKU5 taxid:694008
Bat coronavirus HKU9 taxid:694006
Beluga whale coronavirus (strain SW1) taxid:694015
Betacoronavirus HKU24 taxid:1590370
Bovine coronavirus taxid:11128
Bovine coronavirus (strain 98TXSF-110-ENT) taxid:233262
Bovine coronavirus (strain 98TXSF-110-LUN) taxid:233264
Protein | ModelArchive |
Envelope small membrane protein (E protein) (sM protein) | ma-jd-viral-30278 |
Bovine coronavirus (strain F15) taxid:11129
Protein | ModelArchive |
Envelope small membrane protein (E protein) (sM protein) | ma-jd-viral-30278 |
Bovine coronavirus (strain LSU-94LSS-051) taxid:233261
Protein | ModelArchive |
Envelope small membrane protein (E protein) (sM protein) | ma-jd-viral-30278 |
Non-structural protein of 12.7 kDa (ns12.7) (12.7 kDa accessory protein) | ma-jd-viral-36618 |
Bovine coronavirus (strain LY-138) taxid:11131
Protein | ModelArchive |
Envelope small membrane protein (E protein) (sM protein) | ma-jd-viral-30278 |
Bovine coronavirus (strain OK-0514) taxid:231432
Protein | ModelArchive |
Envelope small membrane protein (E protein) (sM protein) | ma-jd-viral-30278 |
Bovine coronavirus (strain Ontario) taxid:231422
Protein | ModelArchive |
Envelope small membrane protein (E protein) (sM protein) | ma-jd-viral-30278 |
Non-structural protein of 12.7 kDa (ns12.7) (12.7 kDa accessory protein) | ma-jd-viral-36618 |
Bovine coronavirus (strain Quebec) taxid:11133
Protein | ModelArchive |
Envelope small membrane protein (E protein) (sM protein) | ma-jd-viral-30278 |
Non-structural protein of 12.7 kDa (ns12.7) (12.7 kDa accessory protein) | ma-jd-viral-36618 |
BtMr-AlphaCoV/SAX2011 taxid:1503289
BtNv-AlphaCoV/SC2013 taxid:1503291
BtRf-AlphaCoV/HuB2013 taxid:1503292
BtRf-AlphaCoV/YN2012 taxid:1503293
Camel alphacoronavirus taxid:1699095
Common moorhen coronavirus HKU21 taxid:1159902
Feline coronavirus (strain FIPV WSU-79/1146) taxid:33734
Feline infectious peritonitis virus taxid:11135
Ferret coronavirus taxid:1264898
Human coronavirus 229E taxid:11137
Human coronavirus HKU1 taxid:290028
Human coronavirus HKU1 (isolate N1) taxid:443239
Human coronavirus NL63 taxid:277944
Infectious bronchitis virus taxid:11120
Protein | ModelArchive |
Non-structural protein 3a (Accessory protein 3a) | ma-jd-viral-62113 |
Non-structural protein 3b (Accessory protein 3b) | ma-jd-viral-64565 |
Lucheng Rn rat coronavirus taxid:1508224
Protein | ModelArchive |
Envelope protein | ma-jd-viral-63802 |
Membrane protein (M protein) (E1 glycoprotein) (Matrix glycoprotein) (Membrane... | ma-jd-viral-03155 |
Nucleoprotein | ma-jd-viral-63037 |
Magpie-robin coronavirus HKU18 taxid:1159903
Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus taxid:1335626
Miniopterus bat coronavirus 1 taxid:694000
Miniopterus bat coronavirus HKU8 taxid:694001
Mink coronavirus strain WD1127 taxid:766791
Munia coronavirus HKU13-3514 taxid:572289
Murine coronavirus (strain A59) taxid:11142
Protein | ModelArchive |
Membrane protein (M protein) (E1 glycoprotein) (Matrix glycoprotein) (Membrane... | ma-jd-viral-03168 |
Nucleoprotein (Nucleocapsid protein) (NC) (Protein N) | ma-jd-viral-57217 |
Murine hepatitis virus taxid:11138
Protein | ModelArchive |
Membrane protein (M protein) (E1 glycoprotein) (Matrix glycoprotein) (Membrane... | ma-jd-viral-03168 |
Nucleoprotein (Nucleocapsid protein) (NC) (Protein N) | ma-jd-viral-57217 |