Virus | Family | virion | Host | function | Viral protein | Receptor | Type | Host expression | Virus tropism | entry mode | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bovine coronavirus | Coronaviridae, Betacoronavirus | ss+RNA | Env | Bovine | Entry | Spike glycoprotein | ? Sialic acids | Carbohydrate | ? | Calves: respiratory epithelium. Adult: intestinal epithelium | ? |
Bovine viral diarrhea virus | Flaviviridae, Pestivirus | ss+RNA | Env | Bovine | Entry | E1/E2 | CD46 | Receptor | Ubiquitous | Primary: respiratory epithelium. Secondary: Lymphocytes? | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis |
Norwalk virus | Caliciviridae, Norovirus | ss+RNA | Env | Human | Entry | capsid protein VP1 | A/O Histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) | Carbohydrate | ? | epithelial intestinal cells | ? |
Murine norovirus | Caliciviridae, Norovirus | ss+RNA | Env | Mouse | Entry | capsid protein VP1 | CD300lf, CD300ld | Receptor | Tuft cells, Dendritic cells?, immune cells? | Tuft cells, Macrophages?, dendritic cells? | ? |
Feline calicivirus | Caliciviridae, Norovirus | ss+RNA | Env | Felines | Entry | capsid protein VP1 | JAM-A/F11R | Adhesion molecule | ? | ? | ? |
Classical swine fever virus | Flaviviridae, Pestivirus | ss+RNA | Env | Swine | Adhesion | E1/E2 | Heparan sulfate | Polysaccharide | Primary: Mainly Blood, lymphoid tissue, pancreas and ileum, secondary: most organs | ? | |
Classical swine fever virus | Flaviviridae, Pestivirus | ss+RNA | Env | Swine | Entry | E1/E2 | CD46 | Receptor | Ubiquitous | Primary: Mainly Blood, lymphoid tissue, pancreas and ileum, secondary: most organs | ? |
Coxsackievirus A9 | Picornaviridae, Enterovirus | ss+RNA | Non-env | Human | Entry | VP1, VP2 and VP3 | Integrin αVβ3 | Adhesion molecule | ? | epithelial airway cells | Clathrin/caveolin-independent endocytosis |
Coxsackievirus A9 | Picornaviridae, Enterovirus | ss+RNA | Non-env | Human | Entry | VP1, VP2 and VP3 | Integrin αVβ6 | Adhesion molecule | ? | epithelial airway cells | Clathrin/caveolin-independent endocytosis |
Coxsackievirus A21 | Picornaviridae, Enterovirus | ss+RNA | Non-env | Human | Adhesion | VP1, VP2 and VP3 | CD55 (DAF) | Complement regulator | Lung, ovary, placenta | epithelial airway cells | ? |
Coxsackievirus A21 | Picornaviridae, Enterovirus | ss+RNA | Non-env | Human | Entry | VP1, VP2 and VP3 | ICAM-1 | Adhesion molecule | Lungs, Lymphoid tissues, Kidney | epithelial airway cells | ? |
Coxsackievirus B1 to B6 | Picornaviridae, Enterovirus | ss+RNA | Non-env | Human | Entry | VP1, VP2 and VP3 | CXADR(CAR) | Adhesion molecule | Epithelial and endothial cell, heart, brain | Brain, heart, pancreas | Caveolin-mediated endocytosis |
Coxsackievirus B1, B3, B5 | Picornaviridae, Enterovirus | ss+RNA | Non-env | Human | Adhesion | VP1, VP2 and VP3 | CD55 (DAF) | Complement regulator | Lung, ovary, placenta | Brain, heart, pancreas | Caveolin-mediated endocytosis |
Japanese encephalitis virus | Flaviviridae, Flavivirus | ss+RNA | Env | Bovine, bird, horse, swine, mosquitoes and Human | Entry? | Envelope protein E | DC-SIGN | Lectin | Dendritic cells | Dendritic cells, Neurons | Clathrin independent endocytosis |
Japanese encephalitis virus | Flaviviridae, Flavivirus | ss+RNA | Env | Bovine, bird, horse, swine, mosquitoes and Human | Entry? | Envelope protein E | CLEC4G (LSECtin) | Lectin | Dendritic cells, macrophages, sinusoidal endothelial cells of the liver and lymph node | Dendritic cells, Neurons | Clathrin independent endocytosis |
Dengue virus | Flaviviridae, Flavivirus | ss+RNA | Env | Human, mosquitoes | Adhesion | Envelope protein E | Mannose receptor(MRC1) | Receptor | Macrophages, dendritic cells, dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes | Macrophages, dendritic cells, hepatocytes, platelets | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis, or Macropinocytosis |
Dengue virus | Flaviviridae, Flavivirus | ss+RNA | Env | Human, mosquitoes | Adhesion | Envelope protein E | Heparan sulfate | Polysaccharide | Macrophages, dendritic cells, hepatocytes, platelets | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis, or Macropinocytosis | |
Dengue virus | Flaviviridae, Flavivirus | ss+RNA | Env | Human, mosquitoes | Adhesion | Envelope protein E | CLEC5A | Lectin | Macrophages | Macrophages, dendritic cells, hepatocytes, platelets | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis, or Macropinocytosis |
Dengue virus | Flaviviridae, Flavivirus | ss+RNA | Env | Human, mosquitoes | Adhesion | Envelope protein E | DC-SIGN | Lectin | Dendritic cells | Macrophages, dendritic cells, hepatocytes, platelets | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis, or Macropinocytosis |
Dengue virus 1 | Flaviviridae, Flavivirus | ss+RNA | Env | Human, mosquitoes | Entry | Envelope protein E | Laminin receptor (RPSA)? | Receptor | Ubiquitous | Macrophages, dendritic cells, hepatocytes, platelets | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis, or Macropinocytosis |
Dengue virus | Flaviviridae, Flavivirus | ss+RNA | Env | Human, mosquitoes | Alternative Entry | virion membrane phosphatidylserine | HAVCR1(TIM1) | Receptor | Dendritic cells, macrophages, epithelial cells, mast cells, B lymphocytes, activated CD4+ cells, kidney, hepatocytes | Macrophages, dendritic cells, hepatocytes, platelets | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis, or Macropinocytosis |
Dengue virus | Flaviviridae, Flavivirus | ss+RNA | Env | Human, mosquitoes | Entry | Small envelope protein M | CLDN1 | Adhesion molecule | Epithelial cells | Macrophages, dendritic cells, hepatocytes, platelets | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis, or Macropinocytosis |
Dengue virus | Flaviviridae, Flavivirus | ss+RNA | Env | Human, mosquitoes | Alternative Entry | virion membrane phosphatidylserine | Tyro3 (TAM family) | Receptor | brain? | Macrophages, dendritic cells, hepatocytes, platelets | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis, or Macropinocytosis |
Zika virus | Flaviviridae, Flavivirus | ss+RNA | Env | Human, mosquitoes | Entry | virion membrane phosphatidylserine | Tyro3 (TAM family) | Receptor | brain? | Macrophages, dendritic cells, keratinocytes | ? |
Zika virus | Flaviviridae, Flavivirus | ss+RNA | Env | Human, mosquitoes | Entry | virion membrane phosphatidylserine | AXL (TAM family) | Receptor | Dendritic cells, macrophages? | Macrophages, dendritic cells, keratinocytes | ? |
Zika virus | Flaviviridae, Flavivirus | ss+RNA | Env | Human, mosquitoes | Adhesion | Envelope protein E | DC-SIGN | Lectin | Dendritic cells | Macrophages, dendritic cells, keratinocytes | ? |
Dengue virus | Flaviviridae, Flavivirus | ss+RNA | Env | Human, mosquitoes | Alternative Entry | virion membrane phosphatidylserine | AXL (TAM family) | Receptor | Dendritic cells, macrophages? | Macrophages, dendritic cells, hepatocytes, platelets | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis, or Macropinocytosis |
Yellow fever virus | Flaviviridae, Flavivirus | ss+RNA | Env | Human, mosquitoes | Adhesion | Envelope protein E | Heparan sulfate | Polysaccharide | Macrophages, dendritic cells, hepatocytes | ? | |
Encephalomyocarditis virus | Picornaviridae, Cardiovirus | ss+RNA | Non-env | Rodent, pig | Entry | VP1, VP2 and VP3 | Vcam1 | Adhesion molecule | lymphocytes, monocytes | Neurons, cardiomyocytes, pancreatic cells | |
Echovirus 1 | Picornaviridae, Enterovirus | ss+RNA | Non-env | Human | Entry | VP1, VP2 and VP3 | Integrin α2 β1 | Adhesion molecule | Epithelial cells in the gastrointestinal tract | Caveolin-mediated endocytosis | |
Echovirus 8 | Picornaviridae, Enterovirus | ss+RNA | Non-env | Human | Entry | VP1, VP2 and VP3 | Integrin α2 β1 | Adhesion molecule | Epithelial cells in the gastrointestinal tract | ? | |
Echovirus 6, 7, 11, 12, 20 and 21 | Picornaviridae, Enterovirus | ss+RNA | Non-env | Human | Entry | VP1, VP2 and VP3 | CD55 (DAF) | Complement receptor | Ubiquitous | epithelial cells in the gastrointestinal tract??, heart | |
Enterovirus 70 | Picornaviridae, Enterovirus | ss+RNA | Non-env | Human | Adhesion? | VP1, VP2 and VP3 | alpha 2,3 Sialic acids | Carbohydrate | ? | epithelial cells in the gastrointestinal tract?? | ? |
Enterovirus 70 | Picornaviridae, Enterovirus | ss+RNA | Non-env | Human | Adhesion | VP1, VP2 and VP3 | CD55 (DAF) | Complement regulator | ? | epithelial cells in the gastrointestinal tract?? | ? |
Enterovirus 71 | Picornaviridae, Enterovirus | ss+RNA | Non-env | Human | Adhesion | VP1, VP2 and VP3 | Sialic acids | Carbohydrate | neurons, lymphocytes? | Depends on entry receptor | |
Enterovirus 71 | Picornaviridae, Enterovirus | ss+RNA | Non-env | Human | Entry | VP1, VP2 and VP3 | SCARB2 | Endosomal molecule | Ubiquitous cytoplasmic expression | neurons, lymphocytes? | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis |
Enterovirus 71 | Picornaviridae, Enterovirus | ss+RNA | Non-env | Human | Entry | VP1, VP2 and VP3 | SELPLG | Adhesion molecule | Lymphocytes | neurons, lymphocytes? | Caveolin-mediated endocytosis |
Foot-and-mouth disease virus | Picornaviridae, Aphthovirus | ss+RNA | Non-env | Bovine, sheep | Entry | VP1, VP2 and VP3 | Integrins αV β | Adhesion molecule | epithelial cells of the mouth, lung, and feet | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis | |
Hepatitis A virus | Picornaviridae, Hepatovirus | ss+RNA | Non-env | Human | Entry | VP1, VP2 and VP3 | HAVCR1(TIM1) | Receptor | Dendritic cells, macrophages, epithelial cells, mast cells, B lymphocytes, activated CD4+ cells, kidney, hepatocytes | Hepatocytes, epithelium in gastrointestinal tract, salivary glands, kidney, lymphocytes? | ? |
Hepatitis C virus | Flaviviridae, Hepacivirus | ss+RNA | Env | Human | Adhesion | E1 and E2 proteins | Heparan sulfate | Polysaccharide | Hepatocytes | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis | |
Hepatitis C virus | Flaviviridae, Hepacivirus | ss+RNA | Env | Human | Entry | ? | LDLR | Receptor | Gatrointestinal tract, liver, lung, adrenal glands | Hepatocytes | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis |
Hepatitis C virus | Flaviviridae, Hepacivirus | ss+RNA | Env | Human | Adhesion | E1 and E2 proteins | DC-SIGN | Lectin | Dendritic cells, liver sinusoidal cells | Hepatocytes | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis |
Hepatitis C virus | Flaviviridae, Hepacivirus | ss+RNA | Env | Human | Adhesion | E1 and E2 proteins | CLEC4M(L-SIGN) | Lectin | Liver sinusoidal cells and lymph nodes | Hepatocytes | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis |
Hepatitis C virus | Flaviviridae, Hepacivirus | ss+RNA | Env | Human | Entry | E1 and E2 proteins | CLDN1 | Adhesion molecule | Epithelial cells | Hepatocytes | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis |
Hepatitis C virus | Flaviviridae, Hepacivirus | ss+RNA | Env | Human | Entry | E1 and E2 proteins | CD81? | Receptor | hemopoietic, endothelial and epithelial cells | Hepatocytes | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis |
Hepatitis C virus | Flaviviridae, Hepacivirus | ss+RNA | Env | Human | Entry | E1 and E2 proteins | SCARB1? | Endosomal molecule | Ubiquitous cytoplasmic expression | Hepatocytes | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis |
Human coronavirus 229E | Coronaviridae, Alphacoronavirus | ss+RNA | Env | Human | Adhesion | Spike glycoprotein | CLEC4M(L-SIGN) | Lectin | liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and lymph node | epithelial airway cells, macrophages | Caveolin-mediated endocytosis |
Human coronavirus 229E | Coronaviridae, Alphacoronavirus | ss+RNA | Env | Human | Entry | Spike glycoprotein | ANPEP | Peptidase | intestinal, lung and kidney epithelial cells, liver | epithelial airway cells, macrophages | Caveolin-mediated endocytosis |
Human coronavirus OC43 | Coronaviridae, Betacoronavirus | ss+RNA | Env | Human | Entry | Spike glycoprotein | (alpha 2,3 or 2,6) 9-O-acetylated Sialic acids | Carbohydrate | epithelial airway cells | ? | |
Human parechovirus 1 | Picornaviridae, Parechovirus | ss+RNA | Non-env | Human | Entry | VP1, VP2 and VP3 | Integrin αVβ3 | Adhesion molecule | epitelial cells in respiratory and gastro-intestinal tract | Clathrin/caveolin-independent endocytosis | |
Japanese encephalitis virus | Flaviviridae, Flavivirus | ss+RNA | Env | Bovine, bird, horse, swine, mosquitoes and Human | Adhesion | E | Heparan sulfate | Polysaccharide | Dendritic cells, neurons | Clathrin independent endocytosis | |
Japanese encephalitis virus | Flaviviridae, Flavivirus | ss+RNA | Env | Bovine, bird, horse, swine, mosquitoes and Human | Adhesion | E | CLEC4M(L-SIGN) | Lectin | liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and lymph node | Dendritic cells, neurons | Clathrin independent endocytosis |
Major receptor group, rhinovirus A-B (e.g.HRV14) | Picornaviridae, Enterovirus | ss+RNA | Non-env | Human | Entry | VP1, VP2 and VP3 | ICAM-1 | Adhesion molecule | Lungs, Lymphoid tissues, Kidney | Nasopharynx epithelial cells | Clathrin/caveolin-independent endocytosis |
Minor receptor group, rhinovirus A-B (e.g.HRV2) | Picornaviridae, Enterovirus | ss+RNA | Non-env | Human | Entry | VP1, VP2 and VP3 | LDLR family | Receptor | adrenal gland, Liver, lung, gastroinstestinal tract | epithelial airway cells | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis |
Rhinovirus C | Picornaviridae, Enterovirus | ss+RNA | Non-env | Human | Entry | VP1, VP2 and VP3 | CDHR3 | Adhesion molecule | Nasopharynx, Bronchus, salivary gland | Nasopharynx epithelial cells | ? |
Enterovirus D68 (Rhinovirus 87) | Picornaviridae, Enterovirus | ss+RNA | Non-env | Human | Adhesion | VP1, VP2 and VP3 | Sialic acids | Carbohydrate | epithelial airway cells | ? | |
Enterovirus D68 (Rhinovirus 87) | Picornaviridae, Enterovirus | ss+RNA | Non-env | Human | Adhesion | VP1, VP2 and VP3 | CD55 (DAF) | Complement regulator | Lung, ovary, placenta | epithelial airway cells | ? |
Mouse hepatitis virus | Coronaviridae, Betacoronavirus | ss+RNA | Env | Rodents | Entry | Spike glycoprotein | Ceacam1 | Adhesion molecule | Liver and brain | Hepatocytes | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis |
Poliovirus | Picornaviridae, Enterovirus | ss+RNA | Non-env | Human | Entry | VP1, VP2 and VP3 | Poliovirus receptor (PVR) | Adhesion molecule | adherens junction of epithelial tissue or the chemical synapse of neurons | epithelial cells in oropharyngeal and enteric tract, neurons | Clathrin/caveolin-independent endocytosis and Caveolin-mediated endocytosis |
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus | Coronaviridae, Alphacoronavirus | ss+RNA | Env | Swine | Entry | Spike glycoprotein | ANPEP | Peptidase | intestinal, lung and kidney epithelial cells, liver | epithelial cells in the gastrointestinal tract | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis |
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus | Arteriviridae, Arterivirus | ss+RNA | Env | Swine | Adhesion | GP5 | Heparan sulfate | Polysaccharide | Macrophages | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis | |
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus | Arteriviridae, Arterivirus | ss+RNA | Env | Swine | Entry | GP5 | SIGLEC1? | Adhesion molecule | Macrophage | Macrophages | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis |
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus | Arteriviridae, Arterivirus | ss+RNA | Env | Swine | Entry | GP2a, GP4 | CD163 | Receptor | Monocytes | Macrophages | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis |
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus | Arteriviridae, Arterivirus | ss+RNA | Env | Swine | Entry | GP2a, GP4 | CD151 | Adhesion molecule | Muscle cells, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, activated T lymphocytes, dendritic cells ans Schwann cells | Macrophages | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis |
Sindbis virus | Togaviridae, Alphavirus |
ss+RNA | Env | Mosquitoes, Bird, Human | Adhesion | E2 glycoprotein | Heparan sulfate | Polysaccharide | ? | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis | |
Rubella virus | Togaviridae, Alphavirus |
ss+RNA | Env | Human | Entry | E2 glycoprotein | MOG | Adhesion molecule | Central nervous system, heart, muscle | Respiratory tract, .. | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis |
Sindbis virus | Togaviridae, Alphavirus |
ss+RNA | Env | Mosquitoes, Bird, Human | Entry | E2 glycoprotein | Laminin receptor (RPSA) | Receptor | Ubiquitous | ? | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis |
Human MERS Coronavirus | Coronaviridae, Betacoronavirus | ss+RNA | Env | Human, bats, mammals | Entry | Spike glycoprotein | DPP4 | Peptidase | Muscles, lung, kidney Tissue Distribution of the MERS-Coronavirus Receptor in Bats W. Widagdo, Lineke Begeman, Debby Schipper, Peter R. van Run, Andrew A. Cunningham, Nils Kley, Chantal B. Reusken, Bart L. Haagmans, Judith M. A. van den Brand Sci Rep April 26, 2017; 7: 1193 |
Respiratory tract | ? |
Human SARS Coronavirus | Coronaviridae, Betacoronavirus | ss+RNA | Env | Human, bats, mammals | Adhesion | Spike glycoprotein | CLEC4G (LSECtin) | Lectin | Dendritic cells, macrophages, sinusoidal endothelial cells of the liver and lymph node | pneumocytes in the lungs and surface enterocytes in the small bowel | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis |
Human SARS Coronavirus | Coronaviridae, Betacoronavirus | ss+RNA | Env | Human, bats, mammals | Adhesion | Spike glycoprotein | DC-SIGN | Lectin | Dendritic cells | pneumocytes in the lungs and surface enterocytes in the small bowel | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis |
Human SARS Coronavirus | Coronaviridae, Betacoronavirus | ss+RNA | Env | Human, bats, mammals | Adhesion | Spike glycoprotein | CLEC4M(L-SIGN) | Lectin | liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and lymph node | pneumocytes in the lungs and surface enterocytes in the small bowel | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis |
Human SARS Coronavirus | Coronaviridae, Betacoronavirus | ss+RNA | Env | Human, bats, mammals | Entry | Spike glycoprotein | ACE2 | peptidase | vascular endothelial cells of the heart and the kidneys | pneumocytes in the lungs and surface enterocytes in the small bowel | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis |
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus | Coronaviridae, Alphacoronavirus | ss+RNA | Env | Swine | Entry | Spike glycoprotein | ANPEP | peptidase | intestinal, lung and kidney epithelial cells, liver | epithelial cells in the gastrointestinal tract | ? |
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis | Togaviridae, Alphavirus |
ss+RNA | Env | Horse, Human | Entry | E2 glycoprotein | Laminin receptor (RPSA) | Receptor | Ubiquitous | neuron | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis |
West Nile virus | Flaviviridae, Flavivirus | ss+RNA | Env | Birds, mosquitoes, Human | Entry | virion membrane phosphatidylserine? through MFGE8 bridging | Integrin αVβ3? | Adhesion molecule | primary: Langerhans dendritic cells, secondary: Lymphocytes, kidney, spleen and liver | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis | |
West Nile virus | Flaviviridae, Flavivirus | ss+RNA | Env | Birds, mosquitoes, Human | Adhesion | Envelope protein E | DC-SIGN | Lectin | Dendritic cells | primary: Langerhans dendritic cells, secondary: Lymphocytes, kidney, spleen and liver | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis |
West Nile virus | Flaviviridae, Flavivirus | ss+RNA | Env | Birds, mosquitoes, Human | Adhesion | Envelope protein E | CLEC4M(L-SIGN) | Lectin | liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and lymph node | primary: Langerhans dendritic cells, secondary: Lymphocytes, kidney, spleen and liver | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis |